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最新刊期
卷 49 ， 期 11 ， 2025
- 摘要：With the continuous increase in the proportion of renewable energy generation and power electronic equipment connected to the power grid, the grid-forming demand such as inertia response, fault transient support, rapid frequency and voltage regulation of the power system has become prominent. As a short-term high-power physical energy storage technology, the flywheel energy storage has broad prospects for its application in the grid-forming operation with rapid high-frequency regulation in the power system. This paper mainly introduces the current development and application status of the high-speed flywheel energy storage technology. Based on the three core parameters of power, energy storage capacity, and rotational speed, a comprehensive index of the “technical strength” of flywheel energy storage is proposed. Using the index as a reference, the development trend of flywheel energy storage technology at home and abroad is analyzed. The technical problems that need to be solved in such aspects as magnetic suspension bearings, high-strength rotors, vacuum heat dissipation, and shaft vibration suppression for flywheel energy storage single machines are proposed. It is pointed out that the optimization of assembly architecture, collaborative control and energy management is necessary for the grid-forming operation of flywheel array, and the overall response ability and transient characteristics of the array need to be improved.关键词：new power system;flywheel energy storage;flywheel array;grid-forming energy storage;virtual inertia18|6|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The grid-forming energy storage conversion system (ESCS) can enhance the accommodation level of renewable energy, which is the critical device for stabilizing the renewable energy power system. Establishing and improving quantitative indicators and standardized testing methods for the grid-forming capability of ESCS is the prerequisite for the large-scale engineering application of grid-forming technology. Countries around the world are systematically developing technical standards and promoting projects. Regarding the functional classification, technical indicators, and compliance verification of the grid-forming ESCS, this paper systematically reviews domestic and international white papers, technical standards, and technical reports. The quantitative performance indicators, functional test contents, and technical specification requirements for the grid-forming ESCS in domestic and international standards are described. The technical connotations of indicators such as the active responses of the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), inertia, phase jump, and voltage jump are interpreted. This paper analyzes the multi-level electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation modeling steps and requirements for verifying the quantitative performance indicators of grid-forming ESCS in specific application scenarios, as well as the online monitoring data requirements for grid-forming ESCS in projects. Then, current relevant standards and local policies in China and twelve types of grid-forming functions and parameter requirements are summarized. Finally, the optimization of technical standards and the research directions for the grid-forming ESCS are prospected, which provides references for the promotion and large-scale engineering application of the grid-forming ESCS technology.关键词：grid-forming technology;energy storage conversion system;technical standard;function definition;technical indicator;compliance verification;electromagnetic transient model;inertia response;frequency response17|6|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Review·Perspective
- 摘要：In power systems with high proportion of renewable energy, the uncertainty of injected power leads to difficulties in power balance. Recognizing the uncertainty of injected power in the system is the key to rationally allocating and regulating resources and ensuring the balance of supply and demand in the system. From the perspective of system operation and taking the daily power waveform as the research element, a quantitative evaluation and analysis method for uncertainty of daily power waveform based on benchmark mode is proposed. The instability degree of fluctuations of the daily power waveform is measured according to the deviation between the daily power waveform and the benchmark-mode power waveform. Based on this, the uncertainty characteristics of multiple types of daily power waveforms such as load, wind power, and photovoltaic are analyzed. Based on the deviation between the total passive power waveform after the clustering of multiple types of daily power waveforms and its benchmark mode power waveform, the demand of system regulation power and regulation electricity brought by the interconnection of wind power and photovoltaic power is quantitatively evaluated, providing theoretical guidance for the demand evaluation of regulation resource in power systems with high proportion of renewable energy.关键词：new power system;high proportion of renewable energy;daily power waveform;time-series distribution;uncertainty;benchmark mode;quantitative evaluation6|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Considering the rapid increase of flexibility demand characterized by multi-timescale fluctuations in the new power system, the traditional separate quantization method for the regulation capacity such as frequency regulation and ramp may cause excessive capacity reservation. It is urgent to explore the resource regulation performance and quantify the system flexibility demand to improve the safe operation of power systems. This paper proposes a flexibility demand decomposition of power system and multi-timescale regulation capacity reservation method based on hybrid mathematical morphology decomposition. Firstly, the kernel density distribution model is used to generate the set of flexibility demand curves within the prediction interval. Secondly, the hybrid mathematical morphology filter considering the output characteristics of regulation resources is designed to decompose the flexibility demand curves into regular and random components. The needed frequency regulation capacity is then calculated according to the set of random components. Finally, based on the regular components obtained by the flexibility demand decomposition, the stochastic optimization model is constructed for long- and short-term ramping capacity reservation of regulation resources. Numerical results show that, compared with traditional methods, the proposed model can match the decomposition results with the output characteristics of regulation resources. Meanwhile, the reservation scheme can meet the flexibility demand of power systems and enhance the capacity utilization rate.关键词：new power system;flexibility;mathematical morphology;density peak clustering;stochastic optimization8|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：With the advancement of the goal of “carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality” and the increase of demand for user satisfaction, the contradiction between power-side and load-side supply and demand is intensifying. It is crucial to achieve optimal operation of the supply and demand interaction in the power system based on low-carbon emissions. In order to achieve low-carbon emissions in the system and improve the user satisfaction, a hierarchical optimal dispatch model considering wind-solar-storage-carbon synergy on the power side and user satisfaction on the load side is proposed. Firstly, the power side takes the optimal economy as the objective and uses the dynamically constrained carbon emission model to optimize the constraints of thermal power units. Secondly, the load side considers the time-of-use tariffs, and takes the maximum user satisfaction level as the objective function. Then, the hybrid optimization operation based on improved salp swarm algorithm and arithmetic optimization algorithm, as well as particle swarm algorithm are used to perform iterative operations on the hierarchical model, thus achieving the optimal integrated level of dispatch results. Finally, the proposed model is verified through an improved IEEE 33-bus system. Results demonstrate that the established model can not only improve the utilization rate of wind-solar renewable energy, enhance the accommodation ability of energy storage to renewable energy, and limit the power generation of high-carbon-emission units, but also maximize the user satisfaction level, which provides theoretical support for the realization of low-carbon goal.关键词：renewable energy;wind-photovoltaic-storage-carbon synergy;user satisfaction;low-carbon emission;load response;hierarchical optimal dispatch8|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：To achieve the economic and flexible operation of data centers, a two-stage robust optimization method for spatio-temporal coordination of data center considering thermal dynamic characteristics of buildings is proposed. Firstly, based on the thermal dynamic characteristics of data center buildings and the differentiated real-time requirements of cloud user loads, a spatio-temporal coordination mathematical model of cloud user loads in data centers considering the operation environment temperature of servers is constructed. Secondly, considering the uncertainties of conventional load and outdoor temperature, a two-stage robust optimization method for data center considering the thermal dynamic characteristics of data center buildings is proposed. The degree of optimization conservatism is flexibly adjusted by setting uncertainty adjustment parameters. Then, the column and constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm is adopted for iterative solution to obtain the optimal solution to the original problem. Finally, the proposed method is verified through case analysis. The results show that the proposed method can fully tap the synergy potential of the spatio-temporal flexibility of cloud user loads and the flexibility of air conditioning cooling on the premise of ensuring the operation environment temperature of the server, significantly improve the economy of data center operation, and effectively enhance the system ability to resist risks.关键词：data center;building;spatio-temporal coordination;robust optimization;thermal dynamic characteristic;uncertainty;flexibility;cloud user load9|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Load aggregators (LAs) can aggregate numerous residential users to provide demand response (DR) services for power grids by participating in DR market transactions. Existing research typically treats LAs’ bidding on the market side and their pricing on the user side as two separate issues without linkage. Moreover, the uniform incentive pricing is commonly used on the user side, neglecting the differences in incentive response behaviors among individual users. These two issues pose significant risks of profit loss for LAs. Therefore, this paper proposes a two-stage joint bidding and pricing optimization method considering differences of user response behaviors. In the first stage, considering the uncertainties of user response behavior and clearing prices, a joint bidding and pricing optimization model is established for LAs using stochastic optimization methods. In the second stage, based on the actual clearing results and considering the differences of user response behavior, robust optimization is adopted to implement differentiated adjustments to pre-pricing schemes. Case study demonstrates that the proposed method can significantly improve LAs’ expected revenue in the DR market while reducing transaction risks关键词：demand response;load aggregator;bidding;pricing;stochastic optimization;robust optimization9|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The implementation of a partitioning parallel restoration strategy after a power grid blackout can ensure the rapid restoration of normal power grid operation, while the accurate and efficient partitioning method is one of the important prerequisites for implementing recovery strategies. Faced with the increasingly strict time-sensitive requirements of the new power system, existing methods encounter three main limitations: inability to directly solve models, dependence on manual selection of solutions, and constraints imposed by classical computer processing capabilities. To address the above problems, this paper leverages emerging quantum computing technology and proposes a quantum computing based partitioning method for the rapid restoration of power grids after blackouts. First, the network partitioning model after a large-scale blackout is constructed considering the actual operation security constraints to minimize the sum of weights of the excised lines, which is transformed into a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization binary model that can be directly solved by the optical quantum computer. Secondly, the possibility of qubit expansion methods based on sub-problem extraction is preliminarily explored considering the real qubit limitation of the coherent Ising machine. Finally, relying on specialized quantum computers, the effectiveness of both the proposed partitioning model and quantum expansion method is validated through two power systems with different scales.关键词：new power system;quantum computing;qubit expansion;blackout;quadratic unconstrained binary optimization;spectral clustering;partitioning parallel restoration9|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：For grid-forming wind turbines (WTs), virtual synchronous control provides inertia support to the power system by simulating the operation principle of synchronous generators through the virtual rotor. Although the virtual rotor speed is synchronized with the system frequency, it is found that due to differences in rotor driving power, the physical rotor (wind rotor) of permanent magnet WTs cannot actually maintain synchronization with the system frequency through the virtual rotor. As a result, grid-forming WTs also face the same problem as grid-following WTs, that is, it cannot provide definite and continuous inertia support to the power system. In particular, the inertia support of grid-forming WTs is usually terminated before the system frequency reaches the extreme point. This severely affects the frequency response characteristics of power system with high proportion of wind power. To address this issue, this paper proposes the definition of the non-synchronous rotor inertia time coefficient, under which the time-varying characteristics of the inertia time coefficient for grid-forming WTs using virtual synchronous control are analyzed. On this basis, a physical rotor binding method is proposed for grid-forming WTs to achieve consistent changes between the physical rotor speed and the system frequency, enabling grid-forming WTs to provide constant inertia support to the system and improve the frequency response characteristics of power system with high proportion of wind power.关键词：grid-forming wind turbine;inertia support;physical rotor binding;inertia time coefficient;frequency response7|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The energy storage virtual synchronous generator (VSG) can effectively enhance the regulation capability of the power grid. However, its inherent oscillation characteristics also bring significant risks to the stable operation of the power grid. To address this situation, this paper establishes a small-signal model of VSG and power system considering the influence of virtual excitation regulator (VER) and virtual compensation link, to identify the key variables affecting the system stability. Then the influence of VER and virtual power compensation (VPC) on the system damping characteristics is analyzed by using the complex torque coefficient method. It is found that VER will introduce the negative damping torque. Consequently, the power decoupling control for the energy storage VSG is designed to eliminate the negative damping characteristics of the VER. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the damping torque provided by VPC to the system is affected by the oscillation frequency, and there are mutual constraints among different control objectives, limiting the ability of VPC to improve the system damping characteristics. Therefore, a VSG control based on virtual frequency compensation (VFC) is proposed, which improves the system damping characteristics without affecting its dynamic response and eliminates the influence of oscillation frequency on damping torque. Finally, the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed control are verified by simulation.关键词：virtual synchronous generator (VSG);energy storage;stability;damping characteristic;complex torque coefficient method;virtual excitation regulator;virtual power compensation;virtual frequency compensation7|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Aiming at the issues of transient power angle instability and fault current over-limit of grid-forming converters during the symmetrical fault of the power grid, this paper proposes a joint control method integrating second-order sliding mode control and adaptive voltage regulation. First, an improved integral sliding mode surface is introduced in the active power-frequency loop of the grid-forming converter, and a Lyapunov function is constructed. Based on the stability criterion, the output power control law is designed to strictly limit the fluctuation of output power angle of the converter during faults while considering power grid phase changes. Furthermore, the reactive power-voltage loop switching control is employed to provide stable reactive power for supporting the voltage at the point of common coupling, which ensures that fault currents are maintained within safe thresholds. Finally, simulation and experimental results show that the proposed strategy can effectively enhance the fault ride-through capability of grid-forming converters and the recovery rate after fault clearance under the condition of a severe voltage drop with phase jump in the power grid. Its refined active support characteristics are also applicable to complex conditions of high and low voltage ride-through.关键词：grid-forming converter;transient stability;second-order sliding mode control;fault current limiting;voltage drop;phase jump7|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Under the goal of “carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality”, the electrochemical energy storage power stations are rapidly developing. However, due to the influence of converter control strategies, the fault characteristics of electrochemical energy storage power stations are significantly different from traditional synchronous power sources. Meanwhile, the energy storage stations have charging mode and discharging mode, which makes their fault characteristics different from those of renewable energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic. Therefore, the connection of electrochemical energy storage power stations will have a serious impact on the power directional elements of the distribution network. First, the fault characteristics of electrochemical energy storage power stations are studied. On this basis, the impact mechanism of fault characteristics of electrochemical energy storage power stations under charging/discharging operation mode on the directional elements of power grid protection is analyzed. Then, the fault identification method based on the principle of current selective tripping protection is proposed to effectively eliminate the misjudgment impact of the connection of electrochemical energy storage power stations on the power directional elements. Finally, the verification is conducted based on the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platform. The results indicate that the phase difference variation between short-circuit current and voltage during the charging of energy storage stations leads to the incorrect operation of power directional elements on the side of the energy storage stations. However, the proposed protection scheme is not affected by the charging mode of the energy storage power stations and can quickly and correctly identify the fault location.关键词：new power system;electrochemical energy storage;energy storage power station;power directional element;fault direction;fault characteristic;relay protection6|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Highly integrated DC microgrid systems are characterized by complex fault types and low communication costs. Model-based centralized fault diagnosis methods offer an effective solution to fault diagnosis in DC microgrids. This paper establishes a switching system model of DC microgrids with converters, and quantitatively describes the impacts of various internal and external faults of high-power converters on the switching system from the perspective of model parameter variations. Subsequently, through optimal design of observer parameters, each observer is configured to exhibit high selectivity toward different faults. A one-to-one mapping of fault feature codes is then employed to achieve precise fault recognition. Simulation verification shows that the proposed method can achieve reliable recognition of several common faults in DC microgrids, meet the speed requirements of DC microgrid fault diagnosis, and have good robustness against modeling errors, transition resistance, and measurement noise.关键词：DC microgrid;switching model;fault diagnosis;observer8|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Basic Research
- 摘要：The smart home automation control system needs to adapt to dynamic application scenarios in terms of electricity demand and operation environment, posing challenges to system accuracy, responsiveness, and adaptability. Therefore, an adaptive control method for smart homes in dynamic application scenarios is proposed. Firstly, the concept of electricity usage scenario (EUS) is introduced to uniformly describe various application scenarios, with standard EUS serving as the foundation for continuous optimization and control of electrical appliances. Simultaneously, an adaptive parameter optimization method based on user feedback is proposed to ensure system adaptation to time-varying electricity demands. Secondly, a compatibility assessment method considering spatio-temporal characteristics is proposed to evaluate the alignment among the operation states of electrical appliances, electricity demands, and operation environment. Then, a compatibility-driven consistency control method is proposed to enable smart homes to satisfy electricity demands and achieve the control objectives in time-varying environments. Finally, a smart home simulation system is developed using SimPy to test the proposed methods in controlling lighting, inverter air conditioners, and humidifiers. The results demonstrate that the proposed method enables the smart home automation control system to meet the electricity demands accurately, responsively, and continuously. Compared to traditional compatibility assessment and automatic control methods, the proposed method can significantly improve the misoperation rate, user-friendliness, and error control rate.关键词：smart power consumption;smart home;dynamic application scenario;adaptive control;inverter air conditioner;compatibility6|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The integration of distributed synchronous condensers into renewable energy stations can effectively improve the short-circuit ratio index and the system transmission capability. However, the influence and quantitative evaluation of the control characteristics of synchronous condensers on the voltage-supporting capability and the power grid strength are rarely studied. First, this paper explains the requirements of the voltage-supporting function of the station throughout the entire process. Based on the frequency-domain index, the difference in voltage-supporting capability of synchronous condensers with two strategies of voltage control and cascaded reactive power outer loop control is compared and analyzed. It is revealed that the introduction of the reactive power outer loop will cause the characteristic of the synchronous condenser at the low frequency to transform into that of the current source, reducing the voltage-supporting capability of the system during the dynamic regulation process after fault clearance. Next, a short-circuit ratio index for the entire process of a renewable energy station with synchronous condensers is proposed, whose physical meaning is voltage sensitivity. This index can effectively describe the influence of different control strategies on voltage stability at multiple time scales, which explains the adaptability of using subtransient reactance parameters of the synchronous condenser to calculate operation limits. Finally, the correctness of the analysis conclusions is verified through RTDS hardware-in-the-loop simulation.关键词：renewable energy station;synchronous condenser;voltage supporting;voltage stability;short-circuit ratio;multi-timescale;operation limit11|4|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：With the continuous increase in the proportion of power electronic equipment such as new energy resource generation converters, the strength of the power grid is getting weaker. It is very easy to generate transient overvoltage after AC short-circuit fault, which triggers cascading failures. Based on the low voltage ride-through (LVRT) control model of voltage source converter (VSC), firstly, this paper analyzes the generation mechanism of transient overvoltage and the influence of phase-locked loop (PLL) dynamics on transient overvoltage. Secondly, based on the PLL control equation, the approximate analytical solution of the phase for the three-stage PLL is solved, and the transient overvoltage analytical formula is derived from the voltage phasor diagram. Moreover, the transient overvoltage analytical equation is deduced from the voltage phase diagram. Then, the continuous variation trend of the influence of control parameters on the transient overvoltage level after fault clearing is obtained from the overvoltage analytical equation. Finally, MATLAB electromagnetic transient simulation is utilized to verify the validity of the derived analytical equation for the voltage at the grid-connected point and the conclusions related to the overvoltage mechanism influenced by parameters.关键词：voltage source converter (VSC);transient overvoltage;low voltage ride-through (LVRT);switching delay;phase-locked loop (PLL);analytical solution8|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Log abnormity detection is a critical technology for monitoring the operation of distribution master station systems and identifying anomalous behaviors. Existing deep learning-based log abnormity detection methods rely on a large amount of labeled training data, yet the lack of annotated training data in power distribution master station systems leads to significant performance degradation in log abnormity detection. Based on the contextual reasoning performances of large language model (LLM), this paper proposes LogAdapt—a training-free log abnormity detection scheme for distribution master stations. The proposed in-context learning (ICL) example filtering algorithm is designed to dynamically select a number of high-quality ICL examples from a small amount of locally labeled online logs tailored to different types of logs. By integrating task descriptions and human expert knowledge, it automatically constructs text prompts to guide LLM in completing the task of log abnormity detection in distribution master station. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme has better performance compared to existing schemes.关键词：log;abnormity detection;distribution master station;large language model;in-context learning;deep learning11|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Transition methods for equipment maintenance on the 220 kV side of traditional substations only consider the transmission grid reconfiguration, overlooking the mitigation effect of the 110 kV high-voltage distribution network reconfiguration on transmission congestion during the period of maintenance transitions. Therefore, an optimization method for maintenance decisions on 220 kV side of substations considering collaboration of transmission and distribution is proposed. Firstly, transitional measures for the transmission and distribution network under the maintenance mode are analyzed, and based on the topology of the high-voltage distribution network, a calculation model of power supply paths for regional high-voltage distribution network is extracted in the basic form of a connection matrix. Furthermore, a load transfer model based on optimal AC power flow is constructed to calculate the operational boundaries of the interface branches between the transmission and distribution networks. By defining composite minimum paths that satisfy both network structure conditions and operational boundary constraints, feasible topological states for the high-voltage distribution network are formed. Finally, optimal operation states for the high-voltage distribution network are sought based on topological performance indicators, and a comprehensive risk indicator is constructed to optimize the decision-making of transmission and distribution maintenance transition schemes. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through the analysis of the maintenance transition scheme on the 220 kV side of a substation in a local power grid system of China.关键词：substation;maintenance;transmission congestion;collaboration;transmission network;distribution network;reconstruction;risk assessment6|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Accurate prediction of overhead line ampacity serves as the foundation for achieving dynamic line rating. Conventional single-point prediction models face challenges in effectively capturing the volatility and randomness of meteorological factors influencing ampacity (e.g., wind speed and ambient temperature), while ampacity prediction errors exhibit characteristics of time-varying correlations and conditional distribution. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel framework employing serial ensemble learning-based Bagging integrated with parallel ensemble learning methods (AdaBoost, XGBoost, and LightGBM) to develop an ampacity point prediction model. This hybrid approach overcomes the constraint of limited generalization capability of single model while enhancing prediction accuracy and stability. Through analysis of measured data, this paper demonstrates the time-varying correlations and conditional distribution characteristics in ampacity prediction errors. Subsequently, this paper introduces Sklar's theorem and dynamic Copula functions to establish a conditional distribution model for ampacity prediction errors. By integrating the proposed point prediction model with the conditional distribution model, this paper develops a probabilistic ampacity prediction method that integrates serial-parallel ensemble learning and multi-error characteristic fusion. Compared with traditional methods, the conservativeness indicator of the proposed method is reduced by 28.69%.关键词：overhead line;ampacity;dynamic line rating;ensemble learning;probabilistic prediction;error9|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Application Research
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