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卷 49 ， 期 10 ， 2025
- 摘要：The power system with high proportion of renewable energy is the unique choice to achieve goals of carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality. Because the wind and photovoltaic power generations are all with large fluctuation range and difficult to be adjusted, the power balance mechanism of “source tracing load” will be no longer applicable in the future power system with high proportion of wind and photovoltaic power, and it will turn into a new power balance mechanism of “active power tracing passive power”. As the main components of the passive power, the power waveforms of wind, photovoltaic and load are multifarious, and the differences of spatio-temporal distribution are obvious. Analyzing the fluctuation characteristics of the total passive power waveform is the key to achieve accurate assessment of adjustment ability. The traditional analysis methods focus on the study of power distribution characteristics of waveforms, which is difficult to directly study the sequential characteristics of power waveforms. An analysis method of amplitude-sequence decoupled waveform is proposed, which characterizes the waveform through two attributes: “amplitude” and “sequence”. On this basis, the concept of the synthesized multivariant power waveforms is proposed, and an amplitude-sequence decoupling model is established for the relationship between the amplitude-sequence characteristics of synthesized multivariant power waveforms and the amplitude-sequence characteristics of each component waveform, which reveals the influences of the amplitude-sequence characteristics of the component waveform on the fluctuation characteristic evolution of the synthesized power waveform. The validity of the method is verified by a set of actual data.关键词：new power system;high proportion of renewable energy;power balance;power waveform;amplitude-sequence decoupling analysis4|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The increasing uncertainty in various influencing factors of system operation has led to the inability of existing frequency security deterministic indicators to comprehensively and accurately represent the frequency security level. Therefore, new probabilistic indicators are proposed with the frequency nadir as the research object. By analyzing the initial conditions of frequency dynamics variation after system is disturbed, including the probabilistic distribution characteristics of the active power deficit caused by disturbances, the initial frequency deviation prior to disturbances and system frequency response capability, as well as their impact on frequency dynamic characteristics, the probability distribution patterns of frequency dynamics process are revealed. Based on analysis results and following design principles of frequency security indicators, two probabilistic indicators for the frequency security are designed according to the losses from under-frequency load shedding and the distance between the disturbed frequency and the under-frequency load shedding threshold, and their calculation method and process are provided. Simulation results validate the correctness of the probabilistic characteristic analysis of frequency dynamics process, and the designed indicators can comprehensively and accurately represent the system frequency security level.关键词：power system;frequency security;frequency dynamics process;probability distribution;probability indicator;under-frequency load shedding4|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Rapid and accurate transient stability assessment is the key to ensure the safe and stable operation of power system. The high proportion of power electronic equipment connected to the power grid leads to the non-smooth system characteristics of multi-control switching after the power system is disturbed, which brings challenges to the accuracy and generalization of the existing transient stability discrimination methods. A transient stability assessment method based on network energy trajectory feature learning is proposed for the grid-connected power systems with renewable energy and DC transmission. First, the transient energy function of power system with renewable energy based on augmented network data is constructed, the mapping relationship between the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of network energy and transient stability is studied, and the branch vulnerability index and stability discrimination index are proposed. Then, attention weights are guided by branch vulnerability index to enhance key branch features. Using stability assessment function based on network energy and branch phase angle difference as input features, a transient stability assessment model of power system with renewable energy is proposed. Finally, through simulation analysis of New England 10-machine 39-bus system and CEPRI-TAS practical system with 197 buses, the impact of power electronic equipment switching control on stability discrimination methods is analyzed, and the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model are verified.关键词：network energy;feature learning;transient stability;power system with renewable energy4|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Aiming at the problem that the regulation capability of the cluster electric heating load is difficult to be accurately and reliably extracted due to the strong random fluctuation of the baseline power in the natural aggregation mode, a reliable regulation capability extraction strategy for cluster electric heating load considering average heating demand is proposed. Before the peak load regulation, the load baseline is smoothed based on the correlation law between the average heating demand of electric heating room and the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor, so as to reduce the influence of working condition disturbance on the reliability of regulation capability. When the peak load regulation capability is reported, based on the explored relationship between the regulation power of the electric heating load and the sustainable duration, the regulation power amplitude that the cluster electric heating load can sustainably provide is flexibly set according to the grid demand duration. When the peak regulation instruction is executed, the flexibility of the room temperature within the comfort range of the human body is converted into the flexibility of the real-time operation quantity of the cluster electric heating, so as to correct the influence of the deviation between the real-time working condition and the preset working condition on the peak regulation response. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by case studies.关键词：cluster electric heating;average heating demand;peak load regulation;natural aggregation;smart aggregation;normal operation;load baseline5|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The inertia control of grid-following direct-drive wind turbines significantly influences the system frequency response pattern after disturbances. However, current research has not clearly identified the dominant response link of direct-drive wind turbines in frequency regulation, while the modeling is too complicated to be suitable for frequency characteristic analysis. Therefore, the linearized models under inertia control are derived for two typical types of direct-drive wind turbines according to the aerodynamic equations, generator models, power control link, and control circuit structure. The fast physical process of current control-boost circuit/stator voltage dynamic loop is clearly understood and reasonably ignored. It is revealed that the two types of direct-drive wind turbines have a common frequency response mechanism which can be described as the cascade effect of the speed regulator-wind rotor motion equation. Furthermore, combined with the frequency response model of synchronous unit, the aggregation model of system frequency response under the inertia control of grid-following direct-drive wind turbines is constructed, and the aggregation model is reduced to a second-order model by the balance truncation method for analytical calculation of frequency extremes. The accuracy and applicability of the aggregation model and its reduced-order model are verified by MATLAB/Simulink simulation, and the influence of control parameters and system states on frequency dynamic characteristics and stability margin is analyzed.关键词：grid-following;direct-drive wind turbine;inertia control;frequency response;aggregation model;stability margin4|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The integration of renewable energy generation, represented by wind power, into the power system has a significant impact on frequency security, and the frequency distribution characteristics have gradually become a focal point of attention. To study the influence of wind power integration into multi-machine systems on frequency distribution characteristics, based on the frequency response characteristics of the “grid, source, and load” sides, this paper constructs an analytical model of the frequency response distribution characteristics of a multi-machine system with wind power, and analyzes the impact mechanism of wind power integration on the frequency distribution characteristics. Then a multi-dimensional quantitative index system is developed to describe the relative dispersion and absolute differences in frequency response. Next, the validity of the mechanism model is verified using a simple chain-structured power system with “generation-transmission-reception”, and the influence rules of electrical distance, wind power integration location, and disturbance location on the frequency distribution characteristic indices are analyzed. Finally, the influence rules of distribution characteristics are analyzed and verified in an actual large-scale power system with a high proportion of renewable energy.关键词：new power system;renewable energy generation;frequency;distribution characteristic;frequency security;mechanism model;quantitative index4|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The regulation capability of the new power system dominated by renewable energy at the source side is gradually deteriorating. Exploiting the load-side regulation potential to participate in demand response has become an important approach to enhance grid regulation capability. Firstly, taking distributed residential electric heating clusters as the research object, a dynamic model of temperature-varying power is established for electric heating rooms based on the building thermodynamics theory. Secondly, the impacts of household type differences and aggregated household proportions on the regulation capability of heating load clusters are investigated. A refined aggregation model for heating load clusters considering the differences of heterogeneous household types and aggregation structure is established, with adjustable electricity quantified as an indicator to measure the regulation potential of heating load clusters. Then, a master-slave game model is constructed with the load aggregator (LA) as the leader and cluster users as followers. The quantified adjustable electricity of load clusters is incorporated into the game model as flexible resources to participate in demand response. The upper-level game model establishes an LA pricing model to formulate electricity scheduling plans and optimal heating electricity prices within the system, while the lower-level develops a user payment cost model where users determine their heating schedules based on the electricity prices. Finally, case studies verify that the proposed game model can effectively stimulate the demand response potential of users with the differences of heterogeneous household types, achieving economic benefits for both LA and users.关键词：new power system;distributed electric heating;thermodynamics theory;load aggregator;demand response;master-slave game;heterogeneous household type4|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Under the the goal of carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality, the function of virtual power plant (VPP) in aggregating massive and diverse distributed flexible resources is becoming increasingly prominent. Clarifying the business model, key issues, and target demands of VPP is conducive to the potential exploration of flexible resources and VPP and the low-carbon and zero-carbon construction of the new power system. Meanwhile, concerns about fairness at the social level are also strengthening. Energy fairness is related to basic production and life. Moreover, as the operation of flexible resources may involve different participants, the demand for fairness in VPP planning and scheduling is even more intense compared with traditional scenarios. Therefore, this paper introduces fairness measurement standards in the VPP planning and proposes aggregation, invocation, and benefit distribution schemes considering fairness and efficiency. Firstly, considering the VPP market interaction and the contracted scheduling of distributed energy resources (DERs) comprehensively, a medium and long-term scheduling revenue model for DER and VPP is established. Next, the VPP combinatorial optimization under uncertain risks and the collaborative optimization of DER decisions with fairness concerns are carried out, and they are solved with the help of a two-stage optimization model based on the idea of signing first and then scheduling. Then, the optimization of the DER renewal rate and the influence of the regional capacity load limit are explored. Finally, from the analysis of specific calculation cases and data results, it is concluded that the compression of the revenue space of VPP by fairness concerns is actually rather limited. However, it is necessary to establish reasonable market-based pricing for flexible resources such as battery energy storage system and interruptible loads to avoid vicious competition and investment waste.关键词：virtual power plant;flexible resource;demand response;fairness;efficiency;two-stage optimization6|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：In the development tendency of high penetration of renewable energy and power electronic devices in new power systems, the grid-forming control technology for renewable energy integration mitigates the system stability issues caused by insufficient inertia and damping. However, it also reduces the dynamic regulation performance of the system. This paper proposes an adaptive adjustment method for grid-forming energy storage parameters based on buffer functions and steady-state/transient-state damping switching, to improve the dynamic regulation performance of the system. Firstly, the buffer functions are used in inertia adjustment to enhance the regulation smoothness of the system. Secondly, a steady-state/transient-state damping switching link is introduced in the damping adjustment to reduce the steady-state error of active power output during the frequency reduction process. Thirdly, the fuzzy control is employed to introduce correction terms for inertia and damping, and the stability of the proposed method is analyzed. Finally, simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in enhancing small-signal stability and power response dynamic performance of the system.关键词：new power system;energy storage;grid-forming control;moment of inertia;damping coefficient;buffer function;adaptive adjustment method;small-signal stability;fuzzy control;dynamic performance5|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The widespread application of renewable energy generation and electric vehicles (EVs) has made the operation of the power systems more complex, which poses a power balance challenge to the transmission network. It is urgent to tap into the potential for active and reactive power support of various resources. Considering the aggregation of active distribution networks on distributed resources such as EVs, this paper proposes a transmission and distribution coordinated day-ahead and real-time optimal scheduling method considering the active support of vehicle-to-grid (V2G). First, considering the mechanisms of energy market, flexibility market, and reactive power ancillary service market, a V2G response model for EVs under market environment is constructed to analyze the active and reactive power support potential of EVs. Then, considering the information privacy of different stakeholders, a transmission-distribution coordinated day-ahead and real-time distributed optimal scheduling model is constructed, which coordinates various active and reactive power regulation resources to meet the requirements of system power supply-demand balance. Finally, the proposed optimal scheduling method is analyzed and validated in the testing systems. The results show that the proposed method can achieve optimal scheduling of distributed controllable resources while improving system operation economy and flexibility.关键词：vehicle-to-grid (V2G);electric vehicle (EV);transmission and distribution coordination;aggregation;energy market;flexibility market;reactive power ancillary service;real-time optimal scheduling;distributed resource6|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Aiming at the problem that some energy storage stations in a region lose charging/discharging capability in advance due to uneven distribution of frequency regulation instructions, resulting in insufficient response ability of subsequent frequency regulation demand, a bi-level optimization strategy of grid-side multiple energy storage stations considering available capacity and frequency regulation cost is proposed. The proposed strategy includes the frequency regulation power distribution layers of energy storage stations and energy storage units. The upper layer introduces the available capacity state coefficient and the adaptive coefficient about the adjustment ability of energy storage resources, and designs the optimal distribution model of frequency regulation power partition of energy storage station to realize the balanced distribution of frequency regulation power in each energy storage station. The lower layer takes into account the state of health (SOH), the resistance coefficient, and the balanced recovery of the state of charge (SOC) for the energy storage unit to construct the objective function, so as to prioritize the recovery of SOC for energy storage units with high SOH. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy can improve the response ability of the energy storage resources in the region and realize the maximum utilization of energy storage resources while ensuring a certain economy.关键词：energy storage station;available capacity;balanced distribution;state of health (SOH);state of charge (SOC);frequency regulation5|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Aiming at the problems that there are few studies on fault location for distribution network based on synchronous waveform measurement data, the low utilization of traditional intelligent methods on the network physical topology and waveform data information, and the high proportion of distributed generator access reduce the accuracy of existing methods, a fault location method for active distribution network based on improved spatio-temporal graph neural network is proposed. First, the synchronous waveform measurement data of the distribution network is mapped to the spatio-temporal graph-structured data, and the robustness of the method is improved by combining the physical structure information of the power grid. Then, the spatio-temporal information of the data is maximally utilized by the spatio-temporal fusion graph convolution to extract fault location characteristics and achieve more accurate fault section location with high proportion of distributed generators. Finally, residual connection and gate activation function are introduced to expand the receptive field and reduce the demand for measurement conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed method can locate fault lines with high accuracy under high proportion of distributed generators, various fault conditions and noise interference environments.关键词：distribution network;fault location;distributed generator;waveform measurement data;deep learning;graph neural network6|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Static voltage stability region (SVSR) studies power system voltage stability from the perspective of “region”, effectively addressing voltage stability issues caused by strong fluctuations and randomness of renewable energy output. To accurately and rapidly construct SVSR, a SVSR boundary (SVSRB) searching method is proposed based on the holomorphic embedding method (HEM). Firstly, a voltage amplitude-active power sensitivity holomorphic embedding function criterion for searching voltage saddle node bifurcation (SNB) points is proposed based on the HEM theory. Secondly, this criterion is combined with a variable step-size control strategy to achieve fast and accurate search of individual SNB point. Then, according to the topological characteristics of SVSRB and utilizing known SNB point information, adjacent SNB points are efficiently solved through fast and flexible holomorphic embedding, thereby realizing efficient multi-dimensional SVSRB search. Finally, cases on test systems such as WECC 9-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems verify that the proposed method enables rapid and accurate construction of SVSRB.关键词：voltage stability;holomorphic embedding;continuation power flow;saddle node bifurcation6|4|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Invited Paper
- 摘要：The IEEE test case has been widely used for simulation testing in various fields such as power system planning and operation. However, due to concerns of data privacy protection, it is difficult to access publicly available datasets of actual power system generation and network structures. To address the issue, based on the evolution model of three-generation power grids, a generation method for the new transmission network test system is proposed to build test cases that reflect actual power system characteristics. First, a transmission network expansion planning model considering N-1 security constraints is established. Secondly, the optimization objectives and constraints are proposed according to the characteristics of different stages of network development to simulate the evolution process of the power grids. To enhance the solving efficiency of the model, a binary representation method of planned lines of transmission corridors is introduced to reduce the number of 0-1 variables. Finally, taking a provincial power grid as a case, an open-source power system testing system is constructed. The validity of the constructed testing system is verified based on the statistical properties of complex networks. Furthermore, the test case is applied to the optimization of transmission network structures to verify its rationality.关键词：transmission network;expansion planning model;testing system;N－1 security constraint;power grid evolution model5|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：To ensure the robustness of quantitative analysis of transient stability in power systems under complex factors such as large-scale renewable energy integration and hybrid transmission, and to improve the acceleration ratio of case filtering algorithms, artificial intelligence technology is used to integrate the quasi-quantity classification method that meets engineering application requirements under simple models with accurate quantitative analysis methods under complex models. First, mechanism feature indicators are extracted from trajectories derived via multi-step Taylor expansion to characterize the sensitivity to complex factors and multi-swing stability confidence. These indicators enable pre-evaluation of the impact of complex models and adaptive adjustment of classification thresholds. Then, a two-layer classification filtering is implemented by adaptively switching between numerical integration and multi-step Taylor expansion, approximating the effects of complex models while introducing adaptive variable step sizes to reduce computational burden. The effectiveness and robustness of the algorithm are evaluated in nearly 20 000 cases across four actual power systems in China.关键词：complex model;transient stability;artificial intelligence;case filtering;sensitivity analysis;multi-step Taylor expansion;adaptive variable step size5|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Frequent extreme weather events in recent years have increased the risk of water level control and dispatching operation in the hydropower enriched virtual power plant (HEVPP). First, to enhance the risk response ability of HEVPP on multiple time scales, an optimal operation model of HEVPP shared storage capacity considering the coupling of hydro-electric risk is proposed. Among them, the upper-layer model constructs a cross-month rolling optimization model considering the uncertainty of incoming water volume, and decomposes the annual operation plan to obtain the end-of-month water level guidance boundary and monthly electricity plan. The lower-layer model proposes an overall risk description method for HEVPP based on the joint chance constraints of reserve capacity, constructs a monthly output and reserve model considering the deviation of hydro-electric operation, and forms a two-layer optimal model of HEVPP considering the end-of-month water level connection of shared storage capacity to deal with the potential hydro-electric risk during the rolling cycle. Then, based on the principle of risk sharing, a joint opportunity constraint transformation method for the monthly shared storage capacity in the lower-layer model is proposed, achieving the effective decoupling of HEVPP hydro-electric operation constraints. Finally, taking an HEVPP in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, China as a case for numerical analysis. The results show that, through rolling optimization of HEVPP operation plan, the multi-time-scale coupling of hydro-electric risk can be effectively dealt with, and the proposed reserve capacity allocation method can improve the water level control capability and economic benefits of each internal hydropower station.关键词：virtual power plant;shared storage capacity;multi-time-scale;rolling optimization;joint chance constraint;risk coupling;risk sharing7|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Due to the double impact of intermittent renewable energy shortage and regional peak load, the transmission network with rich clean energy will face the pressure of supply guarantee. Existing research rarely considers the role of DC power reduction in supply guarantee at the sending end. However, the AC section transmission capacity is coupled with the DC transmission power in the hybrid transmission mode of clean energy generation bases, and it is necessary to coordinate the complex relationship among the DC power reduction, AC section power control and load demand gap during supply guarantee and regulation. Therefore, a stepped control model for DC tie-lines is established. Considering the coupling relationship between DC transmission power and sending-end AC section limits, the conditional section constraints are built. The load importance is quantified by using power loss penalty factors, the renewable energy output uncertainty impact is analyzed through extreme scenario methods, and the nonlinear factors of logical judgement in conditional section constraint are relaxed to enhance model solving efficiency. Case analysis demonstrates that the proposed strategy can overcome adverse factors such as renewable energy capacity gaps and transmission channel bottlenecks for effective supply guarantee.关键词：complex section constraint;AC-DC hybrid power grid;renewable energy;supply guarantee;extreme scenario;relaxation method5|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Adopting the independent clearing method for each provincial reserve market is difficult to give full play to the advantages of inter-provincial reserve sharing and mutual assistance. In order to cope with the strong uncertainty of power systems with high proportion of renewable energy, this paper proposes reserve sharing in interconnected power systems with multiple provinces to improve the flexibility adjustment capability of systems and reduce the operating cost of regional reserve markets. According to the principle of “regional if appropriate”, a two-layer model for the unified clearing of regional reserve market considering reserve sharing is established. The upper-layer model takes the minimization of the operating costs as the objective, and takes overall considerations in the regional minimum reserve capacity demand constraints, the reserve capacity demand of each province, and the capacity constraints of generator units in regional power grid. The lower-layer model takes the ensurance of the reserve deliverability as objective, and considers the impact of the uncertain power of each provincial power grid on the power flow of tie lines, as well as the constraints such as secure operation constraints of provincial power grid, etc. The regional reserve clearing results and the reasonable dispatch schemes in typical scenarios are obtained through the iterative solving of the upper-layer and lower-layer models. The lower-layer model adopts the distributed iterative optimization method based on the alternating direction method of multipliers for interactively solving, so as to be applicable to the situation that the information of each province is not fully interoperable. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed unified clearing method are verified by case comparison.关键词：regional reserve market;renewable energy;reserve sharing;unified clearing;security check6|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Exergy is the portion of energy that can be converted into other forms under certain environmental conditions, reflecting the quality of energy. To reduce the exergy loss generated during the fault recovery process of the integrated energy system (IES) and the economic losses caused by the lack of exergy supply, this paper proposes a multi-fault recovery strategy for IES considering optimal exergy flow. Firstly, the multi-state fault recovery model of IES components and the calculation method of the lower threshold of load exergy supply are introduced. Secondly, aiming to minimize system exergy loss and economic losses, a fault recovery strategy for IES is proposed based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learning, which takes into account optimal exergy flow, thermal load temperature variation delay characteristics, and natural gas pipeline delay characteristics. Thirdly, the impact of the energy supply recovery strategy on the energy supply capability of the IES is evaluated by using the user energy satisfaction index. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed fault recovery strategy is verified by using an improved IEEE 33-bus distribution network, a Belgian 20-node gas network, and a 20-node thermal network system model.关键词：integrated energy system;fault recovery;exergy;agent;deep reinforcement learning6|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：In order to improve the frequency security guarantee ability of the power system, wind power needs to actively provide certain frequency support to the system. Therefore, this paper proposes a feedback control strategy for wind power auxiliary frequency regulation based on system frequency trajectory optimization. Firstly, the system frequency response (SFR) model considering shift of the wind turbine working point and dead band of the frequency regulation is established. Secondly, based on the SFR model, the first-order forward Euler difference method is used to construct a differential dispersion based optimal system frequency trajectory optimization model for solving the additional frequency regulation power trajectory. Then, the feedback function curve law of wind power auxiliary frequency regulation and the optimal system frequency trajectory characteristics are analyzed, and the general expression of the feedback control strategy is deduced. Furthermore, considering influence of the dead band in the practical frequency control, a feedback function correction method for the ordinary dead band is proposed, which can be integrated into the framework of feedback control strategy to accurately describe the dynamic characteristics of wind turbine frequency support. Finally, simulation verification is conducted using a four-machine two-area case, and the results show that the proposed strategy and correction method can effectively improve the dynamic characteristics of SFR and enhance the frequency security and stability of the system.关键词：system frequency response model;wind turbine;frequency security;optimal frequency trajectory;dead band;frequency response characteristic6|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Basic Research
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