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最新刊期
卷 49 ， 期 9 ， 2025
- 摘要：The substantial growth in the number of electric vehicles has significantly deepened the integration of power systems and urban transportation systems, bringing both opportunities and challenges. Research on power-transportation fusion is burgeoning. First, common traffic assignment models according to time scales and application conditions are categorized. On this basis, coupling architectures and modeling methods for power-transportation systems are summarized. Furthermore, effective algorithms for addressing the solving difficulties in power-transportation coupling systems, including the model nonconvexity and nonlinearity, multi-agent participation, and uncertainty management, are introduced. Then, recent advances in key issues of power-transportation system such as expansion planning, economic operation, low-carbon operation, peer-to-peer trading, and emergency restoration are elaborated in detail. Finally, the key technologies of future power-transportation coupling systems in research objects such as shared electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and mobile charging stations, as well as in research methods such as data-driven and online optimization are analyzed and prospected关键词：power-transportation coupling system;electric vehicle;renewable energy;modeling;algorithm;key problem;game theory7|5|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Virtual power plant (VPP), as an aggregation carrier for centralized management of decentralized energy resources, plays a crucial role in the low-carbon energy transition because it can optimize power distribution and reduce carbon emissions through software and communication technology. Many successful VPP cases have emerged in Europe, and there is a wealth of experience in electricity trading varieties, market policy support and diversified profit modes. This paper first introduces the power system structure and electricity market system of European Union (EU) and UK, and summarizes the guidance and support of European low-carbon policy and electricity market reform to the development of VPPs. Then, the participation modes and profit methods of VPPs in different market environments of EU and UK are analyzed, and the successful cases and operation modes of typical VPPs in Europe are introduced. Finally, according to China’s national conditions and policy status, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the market operation and sustainable development of VPPs.关键词：virtual power plant;electricity market;energy transition;sustainable development;renewable energy;Europe7|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Review·Perspective
- 摘要：To avoid the greenhouse effect from disrupting the global natural environment, it can increase carbon sinks to offset those carbon emissions that are tolerated because they are more difficult or even impossible to reduce, so that the overall tendency is to approach carbon neutrality or even negative carbon emission. The technical and economic characteristics of the two types of measures of carbon emission reduction and carbon sink expansion are different. To achieve carbon neutrality with the least opportunity cost, it is necessary to optimize its goals and paths in two layers, involving planning, operation, technology, market, capital, policy, and other fields. The carbon emission market and the carbon sink market operate according to their mechanisms but interact on multiple time scales. Based on the carbon market framework of classified regulation and equivalent coordination, a hybrid simulation and sand table deduction environment is constructed to verify the effectiveness of the framework, and the control logic and parameters of equivalent decision-making are designed. In the decision mechanism, the equivalent quantities can be automatically adjusted based on the offset signal between the deduction path and the candidate path, guiding social resources such as talents and capital to invest in the fields of carbon emission reduction or carbon sink expansion, ensuring that the evolution path of carbon neutrality dynamically aligns with the candidate path in time, which provides the feasibility for the two-layer optimization of carbon neutrality goals and paths.关键词：carbon emission market;carbon sink market;cyber-physical-social system;whole-reductionism thinking;carbon emission peak;carbon neutrality;carbon emission reduction;carbon sink expansion;carbon market5|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：To promote the accommodation of renewable energy and explore the carbon emission reduction potential, this paper focuses on the distributed smart grid (DSG) for integrated energy systems (IESs) with multiple microgrids (MGs). A low-carbon operation optimization method is proposed for a DSG based on electricity-hydrogen-heat peer-to-peer (P2P) trading. Firstly, multiple hydrogen energy utilization modes are established, including power-to-hydrogen (P2H), and combined heat and power (CHP) units with hydrogen compressed natural gas (HCNG). In addition, an electricity-hydrogen-heat P2P trading framework and a pricing model for an IES with multiple MGs are proposed with consideration of the multi-utilization of hydrogen energy. Secondly, considering the electricity-hydrogen-heat multi-energy coupling constraints within an individual MG and the interactions of electricity, hydrogen, and heat among different MGs, an electricity-hydrogen-heat P2P trading model with consideration of low-carbon optimization for an HCNG-based DSG is proposed for balancing economy and environmental friendliness. Furthermore, a distributed optimization algorithm based on the subgradient method is proposed to solve this P2P problem, thereby protecting the privacy of each MG. The dynamic P2P prices for electricity, hydrogen, and heat are designed based on the proposed algorithm, which expands the traditional power-sharing mode into an electricity-hydrogen-heat multi-energy coordinated sharing mode in DSG. Finally, the case results show that the proposed model can effectively promote the coordinated sharing of electricity, hydrogen and heat energy, and reduce the total operational costs and carbon emissions of the IES with multiple MGs, thus achieving efficient energy utilization and low-carbon economic operation of DSG.关键词：new power system;hydrogen energy;distributed smart grid;microgrid;integrated energy system;hydrogen compressed natural gas (HCNG);low-carbon optimization;peer-to-peer (P2P) trading;electricity-hydrogen-heat trading6|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：In order to improve the low-carbon economy and resource supply and demand flexibility of integrated energy system (IES) with electricity-heat-gas, a coordinated optimal dispatch model of multiple integrated energy systems (MIESs) considering dynamic carbon-green certificate trading supply and demand curve is established under the interactive operation mode of carbon emission trading and green certificate trading. Firstly, based on the introduction of carbon capture coupling power-to-gas in the combined heat and power unit model, a system optimization model considering the dynamic carbon-green certificate trading interaction mechanism is constructed to reduce carbon emissions. Secondly, a point-to-point resource interaction model of MIESs based on asymmetric Nash negotiation theory is constructed. This model is decoupled into two sub-problems: minimizing the cost of the integrated energy system alliance and ensuring the fair distribution of resource sharing trading revenue. The alternating direction method of multipliers is used to achieve interactive decoupling solution, thereby ensuring the privacy and security of each participant. At the same time, at the stage of income distribution, the asymmetric bargaining method is used to quantify the matching degree of renewable energy output and load of each entity, and the contribution degree in point-to-point resource sharing as bargaining factors to promote the fair distribution of revenue within the alliance. Finally, several case scenarios are set up to verify the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed model.关键词：integrated energy system (IES);carbon emission trading;green certificate trading;interaction mechanism;resource sharing;asymmetric bargaining;coordinated optimal dispatch4|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Power Energy Transition for Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality
- 摘要：In the high proportion of renewable energy power system with wind and photovoltaic power as the main power supply, the output condition of the power supply with strong random fluctuation is complicated and changeable, so it is urgent to introduce probabilistic method to achieve full coverage of the power and energy balance. The joint participation of various adjustable resources such as source, load and storage in power and energy balancing creates strong time-series coupling. How to incorporate time-series coupling effects in the probabilistic power and energy balancing analysis has become a critical challenge. This paper proposes a time-series-probabilistic power and energy balancing theory that introduces high-dimensional feasible regions to characterize the time-series coupling characteristics of multiple adjustable resources. Combining with the distribution functions of regulation demands, a new criterion of power and energy balance is constructed through the probability of the adjustable resource feasible region covering the regulation demands, which realizes the effective analysis of power and energy balance of high proportion of renewable energy power system.关键词：power and energy balancing;time-series coupling;probabilistic balance;adjustable resource;feasible region5|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The inter-provincial electricity spot market has played an important role in aspects such as mutual assistance between surplus and shortage of electricity. However, the source-load randomness poses a series of challenges to its normal operation. The intra-provincial power balance margin is an index carrier of the source-load randomness transmitted to the inter-provincial electricity spot market and the basic trading information in the inter-provincial market. How to accurately and quickly evaluate it has become a key to overcoming these challenges. Therefore, a fast assessment method for the intra-provincial power balance margin considering source-load randomness of and market mechanisms is proposed. First, a bilateral source-load randomness model that follows the arbitrary distribution with correlation is established. Then, an assessment model for the intra-provincial power balance margin is proposed based on the pre-clearing mechanism, and a basis-adaptive sparse polynomial chaos expansion method is introduced to improve the computational efficiency. Finally, the effectiveness of this method is verified through a modified IEEE RTS-96 system case. The results show that compared to the traditional pre-clearing model, the proposed method can select the optimal partition mode for trading nodes based on the intra-provincial congestion risk condition according to the allocation of tie-line node combinations, and achieve the accurate and fast assessment of the intra-provincial power balance margin with the optimal partition mode.关键词：power balance margin;randomness;clearance;probability modeling;basis-adaptive sparse polynomial chaos expansion;electricity market4|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Exploiting and aggregating the regulation capability of the demand-side distributed energy resources (DERs) is an important basis for realizing the interaction between source and load in new power system. Existing research typically uses generic models to characterize the aggregated regulation capabilities of different types of DERs at different network levels. Since the regulation targets are not included during aggregation process, it is difficult to achieve high solution efficiency and accuracy, and may even result in conservative estimation of regulation ranges or partially unachievable outcomes, limiting the effective utilization of DERs in the actual scheduling. Therefore, a hierarchical and classified aggregation method with embedded regulation targets for regulation capability of DERs is proposed. Firstly, for the same type of resources, an inner approximation method based on similar polyhedra is adopted to complete the aggregation. Secondly, for different types of resources,the time-coupling characteristics of the aggregated output power are characterized by introducing the target shape constraint, and the optimization model of vector aggregation along the target curve is constructed to achieve the optimization of the aggregation accuracy in the target direction. In addition, to address cross-node aggregation scenarios, a power flow model based on the second-order cone relaxation is employed to satisfy the network constraints. Finally, numerical experiment results demonstrate that, compared with the traditional aggregation methods, the proposed method can significantly improve computational efficiency and enhance the accuracy of aggregation for different types and nodes of resources, while ensuring the practical executability of aggregation results.关键词：new power system;distributed energy resource;regulation capability;aggregation;second-order cone relaxation4|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：As the penetration rate of electric vehicles (EVs) increases, the disordered charging behavior will increase the difficulty in grid peaking. At the same time, the increase in the proportion of distributed renewable energy brings challenges to the power balance of the new power system. Aiming at the problem of the disordered charging of scaled private EVs, a reinforcement learning charging strategy for EVs that supports the time-varying demand response incentive price is proposed by taking the EV aggregator to provide renewable energy with in-situ accommodation in the auxiliary service market as the research object. Firstly, an optimal scheduling model for EV charging that supports time-varying incentive discounts is established by considering the charging behavior uncertainty of EV users and their willingness to participate in demand response. Secondly, the differentiated time-varying incentive price and EV charging scheme are formulated as a Markov decision process to select appropriate state space and action space for real-time scheduling of aggregators. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed reinforcement learning model is validated by comparing and analyzing the aggregator revenue, user charging cost, and renewable energy accommodation ratio in different application scenarios based on the simulation cases.关键词：electric vehicle;demand response;incentive price;charging;reinforcement learning;aggregator;optimal scheduling5|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：In recent years, with the increasing scale of power system operation, the contradiction between the model scale and computational efficiency in dynamic economic dispatch has become increasingly pronounced. Enhancing computational efficiency is crucial for dynamic economic dispatch. From a temporal perspective, this paper proposes a time scale decoupling model for dynamic economic dispatch. The model analyzes the influence mechanism between the feasible region of the single-period static optimization model at the current moment and the first future decision-making moment, and multiple constraining factors. Then, it analytically expresses the look-ahead time required for dynamic economic dispatch to ensure that the dispatch achieves a globally optimal solution at the first future decision-making moment. The complete dynamic economic dispatch problem is equivalently decoupled into dynamic economic dispatch problems with multiple shortened time scales, which improves computational efficiency while ensuring the solution optimality. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model are validated by multiple cases.关键词：dynamic economic dispatch;time scale;decoupling;feasible region;computational efficiency5|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Due to the inherent uncertainty and low-inertia characteristics of renewable energy generation, power systems are facing significant deterioration in system frequency dynamics with the rapid development of distributed energy resources (DERs). To address this issue, virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology, which enables DERs to emulate the operation of traditional synchronous generators, has been developed and gained widespread attention. However, existing research primarily focuses on operating VSGs with fixed parameters to provide inertia support, while paying limited attention to dynamically adjusting VSGs to leverage their fast response characteristics for enhancing power system frequency response performance. Therefore, this paper proposes a deep reinforcement learning-based frequency regulation (DRL-FR) method that adaptively adjusts primary/secondary frequency regulation and VSG dynamic parameters. First, a frequency regulation model is established, the renewable power plants are modeled as adjustable VSGs, and the optimal frequency regulation problem is formulated as a Markov decision process. Then, a DRL-FR controller is constructed with its action space encompassing dynamic parameters of primary/secondary frequency regulation, including droop control, proportional-integral-derivative control, unit participation factors, and adjustable VSG parameters. Finally, a proximal policy optimization algorithm incorporating monotonic advantage reweighted imitation learning is developed, which can accelerate the model training process by combining historical operation data and expert experience. The effectiveness of the proposed DRL-FR method is validated by the tests conducted on a modified IEEE 39-bus system.关键词：deep reinforcement learning;virtual synchronous generator;frequency regulation;imitation learning;proximal policy optimization8|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：At present, the rapid development of distributed photovoltaic (PV) in China’s receiving-end grid poses a threat to the security and stability of the grid with its integration, and it is urgent to carry out research on the impact of large-scale PV access on the voltage stability of the receiving-end grid. Therefore, a quantitative evaluation method for transient voltage stability is proposed for the receiving-end grid with high penetration of PV. Firstly, the characteristics of PV in operation in the actual power grid are investigated, and the components of the large-scale power grid are aggregated to establish a low-dimensional voltage stability analysis model of the receiving-end grid with high penetration of PV. Secondly, considering the branch decoupling based on active power shunt, the expression of transient voltage stability load limit is derived to realize the rapid quantitative evaluation of transient voltage stability. Finally, the small system and the actual power grid are verified, respectively. The proposed evaluation method can meet the requirements of engineering accuracy under both scenarios and various PV restoration strategies, and has higher computational efficiency than time-domain simulation. On this basis, relevant suggestions on PV integration location and performance requirements are proposed.关键词：high penetration;photovoltaic;receiving-end grid;branch decoupling;transient voltage stability;quantitative evaluation6|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Fast and accurate location of subsynchronous oscillation source is of great significance to the secure and stable operation of power system. The existing location methods for subsynchronous oscillation source are difficult to be applied to multi-mode time-varying subsynchronous oscillation scenarios, and the computational efficiency needs to be improved. Therefore, a location method for subsynchronous oscillation source in power systems using multivariate synchrosqueezing generalized S-transform (MSSGST) is proposed. First, the energy ratio coefficient is calculated in the adaptive sliding time window to detect the subsynchronous oscillation phenomenon in real time. For the detected subsynchronous oscillation phenomenon, the joint measurement information matrix is constructed with nodes as the unit, and the joint time-frequency matrix is obtained by synchronous decomposition of the joint measurement information matrix using MSSGST. Then, the MSSGST coefficient matrix, which can characterize the subsynchronous oscillation mode of the system, is screened and reassembled by ridge extraction technique. On this basis, the time-frequency domain transient energy flow calculation model based on MSSGST is derived, and the location index of oscillation source is constructed according to the energy characteristics in time-frequency domain during subsynchronous oscillation. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by simulation data and measured data of subsynchronous oscillation of the actual power grid.关键词：subsynchronous oscillation;oscillation source location;multivariate synchrosqueezing generalized s-transform;transient energy flow6|3|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：For low-rise industrial buildings with poor thermal insulation performance and large surface area, the shading and insulation effect of their rooftop photovoltaic modules will have a huge impact on the magnitude and fluctuation pattern of the daily load. However, the research on net load forecasting mostly focuses on the single characteristics of load and photovoltaic, with little consideration given to the thermal effects of photovoltaics on load. In response to the above shortcomings, this paper takes an industrial building in Shanghai, China as the research object, constructs a photovoltaic-rooftop integrated heat transfer model through the thermal balance method, calculates the annual thermal effect of rooftop photovoltaic, and verifies the strong correlation between hourly heat transfer and photovoltaic cell temperature with load and photovoltaic output through correlation analysis. Subsequently, in order to more accurately extract the behavior characteristics of the load, the paper conducts cluster analysis on the daily load of each season based on the waveform features of heat transfer. Finally, using heat transfer characteristics as input factors and bi-directional long short-term memory network as forecasting algorithm, a short-term net load forecasting method considering the thermal effect of rooftop photovoltaic is proposed. The net load data of the building in each season is forecasted, modeled, calculated, and error analyzed. Horizontal comparison with long short-term memory network-attention mechanism, long short-term memory network and extreme learning machine shows that the proposed method can significantly improve the accuracy of net load forecasting.关键词：building energy consumption;rooftop photovoltaic;thermal effect;heat transfer model;load forecasting6|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Basic Research
- 摘要：State estimation provides data support for the secure and stable operation of distribution networks with distributed photovoltaic. However, the large-scale integration of distributed photovoltaic has exacerbated the uncertainty of state variables in distribution networks, making it challenging for traditional static state estimation of distribution networks to rapidly track the dynamic changes of state variables. In this paper, a dynamic state estimation method for distribution networks with photovoltaic based on the improved cubature Kalman filter is proposed. This method establishes a dynamic state estimation model for distribution networks with distributed photovoltaic, treating the electrical variables on the photovoltaic side as the state variables to be estimated. An adaptive cubature Kalman filter algorithm based on singular value decomposition is proposed, where singular value decomposition is replaced with Cholesky decomposition and realizes adaptive filtering to modify the process noise parameters in real time, resolving the issues of filtering interruption or divergence caused by the non-positive definiteness of the covariance matrix in the traditional cubature Kalman filter. The simulation results show that the proposed method can ensure high state estimation accuracy in the case of stable operation or sudden changes in state variables of the photovoltaic integration system, especially with significant advantages when the photovoltaic output fluctuates.关键词：distribution network;photovoltaic;dynamic state estimation;cubature Kalman filter;singular value decomposition11|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：The transient overvoltage after low voltage ride-through (LVRT) of direct-drive wind turbines caused by control delay may lead to cascading disconnection of units, which becomes a key factor limiting renewable energy accommodation, but the current research lacks the improved fault ride-through strategy for suppressing this overvoltage from the source. To this end, the generation mechanism of the overvoltage after fault clearing is first quantitatively analyzed, and the expressions between the terminal voltage, the grid parameters and active/reactive current outputs are analyzed and derived. Then, based on the obtained analytical relationship, the composition of control delay is analyzed, and an overvoltage suppression strategy based on adaptive reactive current compensation is proposed. By quickly recognizing the end of the LVRT process, the strategy adaptively adjusts the reactive current reference value of units according to the grid parameters and measured active current, which eliminates the impact of some delay links. Simulation results verify that, the proposed control strategy can effectively suppress overvoltage and relieve the risk of system instability after fault clearing, which improves the safety and stability of the power system with renewable energy.关键词：direct-drive wind turbine;fault ride-through;overvoltage suppression;control delay;reactive current compensation8|2|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：In view of the problem that the fatigue loads of doubly-fed wind turbines will significantly increase when participating in the power system frequency regulation, an adaptive linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) primary frequency regulation control strategy for doubly-fed wind turbines considering fatigue loads is proposed. Two linearized doubly-fed wind turbine frequency regulation models are constructed using the small-signal method, one below the rated wind speed and the other above the rated wind speed. The expected output power of the wind turbines is determined by the inertial response and static droop characteristics of the equivalent synchronous generator. A performance index function with the goal of minimizing the difference between the expected output power and the actual output power of the wind turbine, as well as the fatigue load, is constructed. The optimal frequency regulation power of the doubly-fed wind turbine is obtained by quickly iterating the Riccati equation to solve the performance index function in real-time, thereby achieving primary frequency regulation control while reducing the fatigue load of the doubly-fed wind turbine. In addition, a method for adaptively adjusting the weight of the performance index function according to the remaining rotor kinetic energy and frequency deviation is proposed to further optimize the frequency regulation capability of the doubly-fed wind turbines. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the frequency regulation capability of doubly-fed wind turbines while reducing the fatigue load of the turbines.关键词：doubly-fed wind turbine;primary frequency regulation;fatigue load;linear quadratic Gaussian;adaptivity6|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：Isolated DC transformer (DCT) is the key equipment of multi-voltage-level DC system, which has multiple power conversion levels and multi-modular topology. However, when internal and external faults occur in DCT, the port fault characteristics are subject to the dual constraints of DCT nonlinear control and topology, and the traditional differential protection method is difficult to apply. In this paper, the bipolar face-to-face modular multilevel converter based DCT (FTF-MMC-DCT) is studied, and two bipolar FTF-MMC-DCT protection strategies based on port DC differential and leakage current are proposed. First, according to the current flow path under different fault types, combined with the MMC equivalent circuit, a fault analysis model of multi-level DC grid with DCT is established. On this basis, the differences in internal and external fault characteristics of DCT are summarized, and two typical fault characteristic quantities of DCT DC voltage and current differential and port leakage current are extracted. Then, two DCT protection schemes based on DC voltage and current differential and leakage current are designed, and the two methods are compared from the aspects of protection rapidity, sensitivity and reliability. Finally, a multi-level DC grid simulation model with bipolar FTF-MMC-DCT is built in PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results show that the designed protection scheme can quickly identify the fault within 2 ms, and has strong ability to withstand transition resistance关键词：DC grid;DC transformer;modular multilevel converter;fast protection;fault analysis;leakage current6|0|0更新时间：2025-06-16
- 摘要：With the deepening of power electronization in the DC system, the port impedance characteristics of power electronic devices have a certain impact on the system stability. To obtain the impedance characteristics of the medium-voltage DC system for the system stability evaluation, this paper studies the wide-band impedance measurement device. First, the pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) is used as the output perturbation measurement signal, and an impedance measurement device with cascaded multi-level topology of hybrid sub-modules is proposed. On this basis, a centralized modulation method based on the sub-module classification is proposed, which realizes the high-quality output of PRBS signals through the division and cooperation of four working modes of the sub-modules. The capacitor voltage equalization of the sub-modules can be achieved, which is conducive to reducing the switching loss. The calculation principle of the relevant main circuit parameters is designed. Finally, the hardware-in-the-loop simulation result verifies the effectiveness of the proposed control method, which shows that the proposed impedance measurement device has a good output effect and can improve the measurement efficiency under the premise of meeting the requirements of impedance measurement.关键词：medium voltage DC system;impedance measurement;pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS);cascaded multi-level topology;centralized modulation;hybrid sub-module;capacitor voltage balancing5|1|0更新时间：2025-06-16
Application Research
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