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最新刊期
卷 49 ， 期 12 ， 2025
- 摘要：With the large-scale integration of renewable energy into the grid, the coupling between the electromagnetic and electromechanical characteristics of the power system has become tighter, and the dynamic behavior has become more complex, facing many challenges such as insufficient frequency and voltage support capabilities and increased instability risks. However, the existing methods for power grid planning and operation control design still inherit traditional power system methods, making it difficult to fully leverage the advantages of fast and flexible regulation of power electronic equipment such as renewable energy, energy storage, and DC transmission. The paper proposes a new power system construction technology that utilizes power electronic equipment to form a flexible and controllable flexible grid (referred to as flexible grid-forming). “Flexible interconnection” is used to avoid the problem of cascading transmission of AC power grid faults and spread of fault impact, and maintain the ability of flexible mutual assistance between regions. Through “active supporting”, the voltage/frequency support capability of critical nodes is enhanced and the stability of the power grid is improved. The paper elaborates on the challenges faced by the development of new power systems, proposes the concept and connotation of flexible grid-forming, and studies the basic ideas and future development directions of flexible grid-forming. Finally, the application of flexible grid-forming technology in the actual projects of China Southern Power Grid is introduced.关键词：grid-forming;flexible interconnection;renewable energy;active support;new power system6|2|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：With the increasing proportion of power electronic devices in the power grid, the absence of moment of inertia of power electronic devices and their complex interactions with the power grid lead to severe frequency security challenges for power systems, especially for microgrid systems with almost entire power electronization. The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology provides effective virtual inertia support for the power grid by simulating the external characteristics of conventional synchronous generators. In the future, scenarios involving the collaborative support of multiple VSGs in new power systems are expected to be widespread. Ensuring the stable operation of the power system after the introduction of VSG technology is the key to the large-scale application of this technology. It is necessary to focus on the stability issue of VSG technology. This paper first reviews the progress of VSG stability research in the main distribution network, introduces the principle of VSG technology, and reviews topological structures and characteristics of the current-source VSG and the voltage-source VSG. Then, from the perspective of the single VSG to the collaboration of multiple VSGs, the mainstream analysis methods and stability enhancement measures for both the small-signal stability and the transient stability are described in detail. Focusing on the stability issue of VSG technology applied in microgrids, this paper analyzes the stability difficulties faced by VSG technology in a full-time sequence from the initial stage of microgrid construction to the stage of normal scheduling and at multiple levels from the equipment level to the system level. Finally, the ideas and suggestions for the subsequent development of VSG stability research are given.关键词：new power system;virtual synchronous generator (VSG);small-signal stability;transient stability;microgrid;black start;cluster control3|2|0更新时间：2025-07-04
Review·Perspective
- 摘要：Under the goal of “carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality”, with the development of new power system construction and the carbon emission trading (CET) market, a fair, effective, decentralized and reliable multi-agent CET mechanism for multi-regional power systems under the bi-level CET market needs further research. Therefore, an electricity and carbon decentralized coordinated operation strategy of multi-regional power systems considering the influence of bi-level CET market is established. First, in the primary CET market, a carbon emission allowance (CEA) allocation framwork for government-power system based on Stackelberg game model is designed, which converts the game model into a mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) problem with one leader and multiple followers considering KKT conditions to solve. Then, taking the uncertainty risk, price discovery, and privacy protection within the secondary CET market into account, the Wasserstein distributionally robust optimization (DRO) model is employed to deal with the uncertainties in renewable energy outputs in the power system, and the day-ahead bi-level scheduling problem in multi-regional power system is then converted into a single-level linear problem by out of sample approximation and dual transformation on constraints. Furthermore, the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) with a dynamic penalty factor updating strategy is adopted to construct a decentralized optimization framework for peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions, which can be solved by commercial solvers. Finally, case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed model based on the data from a certain region in Zhejiang province, China. The algorithm not only balances the interests of the government and the power systems but also guides the power systems in low-carbon dispatch actions in a controllable and reliable manner, further effectively leveraging the role of CET market in reducing carbon emissions.关键词：new power system;carbon emission trading market;peer-to-peer (P2P) trading;Stackelberg game;distributionally robust optimization;optimal dispatch;alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM)2|0|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：Electricity market and carbon market independently operate and exhibit the transmission effect of prices. Addressing the inefficiency of traditional independent electricity and carbon market trading mechanisms in fully incentivizing multi-agent energy saving and emission reduction, a bi-level game dispatch model for the park integrated energy system (PIES) considering the decision-making synergy of electricity-carbon markets is proposed. Firstly, the mechanism of the synergic operation of the electricity market and the carbon market is analyzed. By discretizing the carbon market to the same trading time scale as the electricity market, a decision-making synergic mechanism for the electricity-carbon markets is designed. Secondly, within a PIES, the Stackelberg game optimization model is established. Based on the augmented carbon emission flow (ACEF), a marginal pricing strategy for the load node considering the carbon potential growth rate is formulated on the energy supply side, and users follow the price signals of energy sales to respond to demand. Among multiple PIESs, based on the Nash bargaining theory, a multi-agent electricity-carbon synergic game optimization model is established, which promotes the reduction of the operation cost and the realization of energy conservation and carbon emission reduction of each PIES. The improved alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is used to solve the distributed optimization problem. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model in achieving overall energy saving and carbon emission reduction through multiple PIESs synergy is verified through practical cases.关键词：integrated energy system;carbon emission;bi-level game;dispatch;distributed algorithm;electricity-carbon markets;electricity market5|5|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：The distributed station area photovoltaic-electrical energy storage (PV-EES) system is an important mode for future photovoltaic system construction with high penetration rate. It’s efficient, economical and reliable energy storage management strategy is of great significance for improving the consumption rate of photovoltaic power generation and reducing the overall carbon emissions of the station area. The existing regulation and control strategies of PV-EES systems usually aim at the maximum consumption rate of photovoltaic power generation, relying on the construction scale of energy storage in the station area or the deep charging and discharging behavior of energy storage, while ignoring the carbon emissions throughout the entire life cycle of energy storage equipment life and the equivalent carbon emissions caused by its life degradation. To accurately assess and reduce the overall operational carbon emissions of the distributed station area PV-EES system, a low-carbon operation optimization strategy for the distributed station area PV-EES system considering the energy storage life degradation and the carbon emissions throughout the entire life cycle is proposed. Firstly, the carbon emissions throughout the entire equipment life cycle in the PV-EES system is calculated. Secondly, an improved quantitative model of energy storage cycle life based on the Arrhenius formula is established to evaluate the life degradation caused by a single charging and discharging action of energy storage equipment. Finally, a PV-EES system operation optimization model that comprehensively considers carbon emissions and economy is established in combination with the above model. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy, at the cost of appropriately increasing the purchased electricity of the station area and the abandoned electricity of photovoltaics, effectively slows down life degradation of the energy storage equipment, and prolongs its service life, thereby reducing the amount of energy storage equipment required for the operation of the station area and its equivalent carbon emissions, and improving the economic operation of the system.关键词：photovoltaic-electrical energy storage system;life cycle;energy storage;life degradation;operation optimization;carbon emission5|0|0更新时间：2025-07-04
Power System Analysis and Optimization from Carbon Perspective
- 摘要：Dynamic coupling between the distributed renewable energy and the external grid may adversely affect the small-signal stability of the system. However, at present, the study on small-signal equivalent modeling of multiple distributed renewable energy clusters (DRECs) is deficient, and the stability analysis of complex system is computation-intensive and inefficient. Focused on this problem, the admittance model of multiple DRECs integrated system is firstly built by combining the admittance model of renewable energy generators, loads and other devices with the node impedance matrix of the grid. Secondly, considering complex network topology, the renewable energy generators are divided into several groups based on the strength of dynamic coupling. Via the similar transformation on admittance/impedance matrices of the generators and the grid, each group is aggregated into a single generator. Hence, small-signal equivalent representation of the system is obtained. The obtained equivalent model effectively reduces the calculation amount of stability analysis of the system and is easy to reconstruct when the working condition changes. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified via case studies.关键词：distributed renewable energy cluster;small-signal stability;equivalent model;impedance model2|1|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：To assess the small-signal stability of new power system rapidly and mitigate potential mode resonances, a data-driven oscillation mode prediction (DOMP) scheme based on measurement signals and operation scenario information is proposed. First, based on system oscillation modes of the multi-channel measurement signal identification system in historical operating scenarios, the issue of data sources during model training is resolved. Then, based on deep extreme learning machine algorithm, a system oscillation mode prediction model is established, which takes scenario information from historical data as input and identification results of oscillation modes as output to train and evaluate the accuracy of the prediction model, thereby improving the prediction accuracy of the DOMP scheme. Based on the mode prediction results of DOMP, the system control parameters are optimized to avoid mode resonances during operation, and improve the small-signal stability of the system. Through the IEEE 39-bus model, it is verified that the proposed DOMP scheme can quickly and accurately predict the oscillation mode of the system in future scenarios based on scenario information, and then mitigate the mode resonance generated during system operation through parameter optimization to improve system stability.关键词：oscillation mode;prediction;model training;small-signal stability;data-driven;deep extreme learning machine;resonance mitigation2|1|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：A safe and efficient distribution system restoration (DSR) decision-making method is of great significance for enhancing the resilience of the distribution system. The traditional mixed-integer programming method relies on precise mathematical models and has long solving time, making it difficult to be applied online. Although deep reinforcement learning has the advantages of not relying on modeling and high decision-making efficiency, it still faces challenges such as huge optimization space and difficulty in security guarantee when dealing with DSR problems. In response to the above problems, a post-disaster DSR decision-making method based on expert knowledge-embedded reinforcement learning is proposed. Expert knowledge includes expert experience knowledge and expert mechanism knowledge. Firstly, a value function pre-training technique based on expert demonstration is proposed, which utilizes the expert experience knowledge to provide better initial optimization point for agents. Secondly, a multi-priority experience replay technology combined with expert demonstration is proposed to prevent agents from forgetting expert knowledge. Finally, an invalid action masking technology based on expert mechanism knowledge is proposed, which effectively reduces the optimization space while ensuring that the generated actions meet safety constraints such as radial operation. The analysis of an modified IEEE 37-bus case and a 362-bus case of the distribution system in a certain area in southern China shows that the proposed method can converge rapidly and generate a power supply restoration decision-making scheme close to the optimal solution that satisfies the safety constraints. Meanwhile, the decision-making efficiency meets the requirements of actual DSR decision-making.关键词：distribution system;post-disaster restoration;resilience;deep reinforcement learning;expert knowledge;invalid action masking2|0|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：Addressing the problem of voltage limit violation in distribution networks with large-scale distributed generators, this paper proposes a power self-balancing optimal control strategy for distribution networks with multi-stakeholders based on the decentralized complex adaptive system of systems (DCASoS). First, a power self-balancing optimal control architecture for distribution networks with multi-stakeholders is constructed, which incorporates a multi-stakeholder aggregation layer, a stakeholder optimization and control layer, and an emergent benefit distribution layer. Then, in the stakeholder aggregation layer, a multi-stakeholder aggregation method for distribution networks is proposed, taking into account stakeholder independence, affiliation, and connectivity. In the independent optimization and control layer, an independent voltage optimization control model is established for stakeholders, considering the active and reactive power regulation of distributed generators, to achieve power self-balancing of the voltage control within each stakeholder. In the coordinated optimization and control layer, a multi-stakeholder coordinated optimization model is developed based on a linkage matrix to enable coordinated cooperation among multiple stakeholders during the power self-balancing control process, thereby obtaining emergent benefits. In the emergent benefit distribution layer, an emergent benefit distribution model is constructed based on the stakeholders’ contributions to ensure fair distribution of the emergent benefits. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using an actual 10 kV feeder system in Zhejiang Province, China.关键词：distribution network;decentralized complex adaptive system of systems (DCASoS);multi-stakeholders;power self-balancing;distributed generator4|1|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：The proportion of electricity received from outside of the urban power grid is high, and extreme events leading to connectivity failures in the power transmission channels of the superior urban power grid may cause blackouts. In this extreme scenario, by flexible self-configuration operation and supply guarantee of microgrid clusters, the extreme survival of critical loads can be achieved. However, the large transient frequency fluctuation of microgrids during sudden power shortages directly affects the success of self-configuration operation and supply guarantee. Firstly, a framework for solving the extreme survival problem of microgrid clusters is proposed, and dynamic frequency constraints for microgrids considering multi-source collaboration are constructed based on the system frequency response model. Secondly, the frequency response model of microgrid containing nonlinear constraints such as ordinary differential equations and damping is differentially discretized based on the forward Euler method. Then, according to the generator tripping and load shedding during the transient frequency response of microgrid clusters, a microgrid cluster model for extreme survival is constructed considering inertia equivalent constraints, control action delay constraints and dynamic segmentation constraints. By solving a mixed-integer linear programming model, the emergency frequency control strategy and the segmentation state of microgrid clusters are obtained to coordinate multiple frequency regulation resources and minimize the load shedding volume while ensuring frequency safety. This model can be efficiently solved using mature commercial solvers. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed emergency frequency control strategy of microgrid clusters are verified through numerical simulation analysis.关键词：microgrid cluster;extreme survival;critical load;extreme event;emergency frequency control;mixed-integer linear programming2|4|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：The cooperative optimal operation of microgrids and flexible distribution system (FDS) can improve operation economy and flexibility. However, the existing solution methods have difficulties in balancing the privacy protection of multi-agent information and the efficiency of model solution. In response to the above problems, an equivalent projection (EP) based cooperative optimal operation method for multi-microgrid flexible distribution system (MFDS) is proposed. Firstly, a two-layer EP-based optimal operation framework of MFDS is proposed, which deeply explores the flexibility resources of FDS and microgrids, and constructs an optimal operation model of MFDS considering intelligent soft open points. Secondly, based on the improved Fourier-Motzkin elimination method and Gaussian elimination method, the low-dimensional projection feasible region of the lower microgrid is calculated. The information privacy of the lower microgrid is guaranteed through the projection feasible region. Then, an EP-based non-iterative solution method is proposed to transform the two-layer optimal operation model of MFDS. On the premise of ensuring the information privacy of each agent, the efficient solution of the two-layer problem is achieved. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified based on the improved IEEE 33-bus distribution system.关键词：flexible distribution system;microgrid;distributed generator;equivalent projection;feasible region;soft open point;cooperative optimal operation2|0|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：Limited cruising range and insufficient carrying capability are the key reasons for hindering the development of electric ships, and offshore charging platforms represent a viable solution to this problem. Unlike the land-based charging stations, on one hand, the siting and sizing for offshore charging platforms is coupled with the battery configuration of electric ships, and the battery weight affects the draft depth of ships and energy consumption characteristics, thereby altering charging demand. On the other hand, the battery volume influences cargo capability and shipping efficiency, thus changing the planning objectives. Therefore, it is necessary to collaboratively consider the optimization of battery capacities of electric ships when planning offshore charging platforms. To address this issue, this paper proposes an optimal planning method for battery capacities of electric ships and siting and sizing of offshore charging platforms. Based on hydrodynamics, the analytical functions for the battery weight-propulsion energy consumption and battery volume-carrying capability are constructed and introduced as constraints into an optimal planning model to enhance the carrying capability. Furthermore, by considering the construction costs of charging platforms in complex marine environments and the differences in wind and solar resources, the siting of offshore charging platforms is optimized to improve the economic cruising range of electric ships. Taking the Shanghai-Hong Kong route as a case, compared with the situation without consideration of the coupling, the proposed method increases the economic cruising range of electric ships to thousands of kilometers and improve the comprehensive shipping benefits by 45.79%.关键词：offshore charging platform;electric ship;carbon neutrality;siting and sizing;techno-economic analysis;optimal planning2|0|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：To address the “dual dilemma” faced by power systems due to large-scale renewable energy expansion, where renewable energy accommodation becomes challenging during low-load periods and power supply guarantee during peak load periods, the wind farms, photovoltaic (PV) power stations, and pumped storage power stations are regarded as the subjects with the right to make independent decisions considering the passive status of pumped storage in joint operations with renewable energy and the limitations of wind-PV complementarity. Based on the stochastic evolutionary game theory, the strategy selection and dynamic decision-making process among wind farms, PV power stations and pumped storage power stations during the capacity trading in the auxiliary service market is studied. First, based on the market mechanism of capacity trading, the benefits of game players with various operation modes are analyzed, and the realistic situation of wind-PV-pumped storage participating in the capacity trading of auxiliary service market is deeply depicted. Then, to address the issues of uncertainty in the tripartite game among wind-PV-pumped storage, the Gaussian white noise is introduced to simulate the random disturbances in the evolution process, so as to build a tripartite stochastic evolutionary game model of wind-PV-pumped storage under uncertain conditions, and the equilibrium solution and stability of the model are analyzed to obtain the steady-state conditions. Finally, taking the actual data of a certain province in China in 2020 as a case, the evolution process of the strategic behavior for game subjects is simulated to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the choice of “cooperation” strategy for wind farms is the premise of the stability of the tripartite alliance, the PV power station is most prone to speculation in the transaction, and the operation strategy of pumped storage power stations is closely related to the capacity trading scale.关键词：auxiliary service market;electricity market;wind-photovoltaic-pumped storage;stochastic evolutionary game;renewable energy accommodation;stability27|0|0更新时间：2025-07-04
Basic Research
- 摘要：Deploying the distributed synchronous condenser in the renewable energy station is an effective measure to improve the voltage-supporting ability on the power supply side. However, the existing cascade strategy of “reactive power outer loop + voltage inner loop” is adopted to integrate the synchronous condenser into the automatic voltage control (AVC) of the station, which limits the low-frequency voltage source characteristics of the synchronous condenser. First, this paper describes the existing problems of the synchronous condenser integrated into AVC and proposes the constant voltage requirement for the synchronous condenser throughout the whole process. Based on the topology of the renewable energy station with distributed synchronous condensers, the reactive voltage conversion coefficient and the reactive power shunt influence factor are analyzed. Then, this paper proposes a new scheme of “constant voltage + reactive power shunt suppression” for integrating the synchronous condenser into AVC. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by the hardware-in-the-loop simulation of the dual controllers of synchronous condenser excitation and AVC at the station. Finally, the engineering application has been realized in an actual renewable energy station. The field operation results show that the proposed scheme realizes the steady-state regulation of multi-type reactive power devices of the station, effectively reduces the voltage fluctuation amplitude at the grid-connection point of the station, fully utilizes the voltage source characteristics of the synchronous condenser in the whole process, and guarantees the voltage stability margin of the system.关键词：renewable energy station;distributed synchronous condenser;voltage source;excitation regulator;automatic voltage control (AVC);coordinated control3|2|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：When the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is started or operated at a low frequency, the instantaneous power fluctuation of the arm causes a sharp increase in the capacitor voltage fluctuation of the submodule. To address this problem, this paper proposes an arm energy compensation based model predictive control (AEC-MPC) strategy for MMC. The proposed strategy directly suppresses capacitor voltage fluctuations from the aspect of arm energy. Firstly, the energy fluctuation rules of the arm at low frequencies are analyzed, and a power component opposite to the fluctuation in the DC current is compensated to ensure the energy balance between the upper and lower arms. Secondly, based on the arm current reference after energy compensation, a discrete-time model is established to derive the optimal arm voltage through inverse calculation. A predictive model of the internal voltage difference of the arm with a high-frequency circulating current is also developed. The secondary rolling optimization is performed within a finite set to suppress the submodule capacitor voltage fluctuations further. Simulation and experiment results validate that the proposed method has an excellent performance in suppressing capacitor voltage fluctuations under low-frequency conditions.关键词：modular multilevel converter (MMC);model predictive control (MPC);low-frequency condition;energy compensation;arm current control;voltage balance control;limited control set;high-frequency injection2|2|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：The voltage overlimit risk intensifies the continuous increase in the penetration rate of distributed photovoltaics. In the case of hybrid grid connection of grid-forming/grid-following inverters, how to coordinate the grid-forming/grid-following equipment and traditional equipment to regulate the voltage of distribution network has become an important issue. Considering different regulation characteristics of grid-forming/grid-following equipment, a collaborative voltage regulation method for multi-type devices is proposed. Firstly, the optimal configuration node for the grid-forming equipment is selected based on the electrical distance between nodes, and the grid-forming equipment at such nodes is configured to establish a voltage regulation model for the distribution network with hybrid grid-forming/grid-following equipment. Secondly, considering the voltage regulation demand on a short time scale, the reserve capacity of grid-forming photovoltaic inverters in extreme scenarios is calculated to leave a certain reactive power margin. Then, in the day-ahead stage, considering the coupling characteristics of active and reactive power in the distribution network, a bi-level optimal model of active and reactive power is constructed to reduce system operating costs and voltage deviations through coordinated optimization of active and reactive power. Finally, by using the Fisher optimal segmentation method to dynamically optimize the reactive power of discrete equipment, the optimal action time and tap are obtained and the number of actions of discrete equipment is effectively reduced. The simulation results indicate that the method has good voltage-control effect and economy.关键词：grid-forming inverter;grid-following inverter;photovoltaic;distribution network;voltage overlimit;voltage regulation;active power;reactive power;bi-level optimal model6|2|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：In order to solve the problem of voltage overlimit at the feeder end of weak distribution network with high proportion of distributed generators, the voltage regulation strategy for distribution network considering automatic voltage control (AVC) limit adjustment is proposed from the substation perspective. First, linearization modeling is carried out for the main adjustable equipment and the nine-zone diagram control strategy in the distribution network. Then, the Pareto front of multi-objective optimization problem with AVC limit adjustment for the distribution network is solved by the enhanced Epsilon-constraint method. Finally, the proposed method is validated by an IEEE 33-bus standard case and a practical multi-feeder distribution system in Zhejiang Province, China. The results show that the proposed method can reduce the daily operation times of the adjustable equipment, increase the service life of the equipment, and effectively improve the voltage fluctuation of the distribution network with high proportion of photovoltaics.关键词：distribution network;multi-objective optimization;enhanced Epsilon-constraint method;automatic voltage control;distributed generator;nine-zone diagram method;voltage overlimit5|1|0更新时间：2025-07-04
- 摘要：Risk identification is the basis for accurate multi-dimensional risk control. Under the multi-dimensional uncertainty conditions of runoff and renewable energy, the cascade hydropower stations for the integration of basin hydro-wind-solar power will face gradually deteriorated operational risks. It is urgent to identify the key risks. Therefore, a method for determining the key operational risks of cascade hydropower stations for the integration of basin hydro-wind-solar power is proposed. Firstly, the principle for quantifying the operational risks of cascade hydropower stations with multiple direct current (DC) transmission is proposed with the annual 8 760 h simulation of refined operation embedded in, and the operation results obtained through simulation are used as samples for risk expectation statistics. Secondly, an improved subjective and objective weighting method is proposed to aggregate the risks of multiple hydropower stations into the overall risk of the cascade hydropower station, and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) is introduced to rank the relative importance of the multi-dimensional risks of hydropower stations. Finally, the rationality and validity of the proposed method are verified by taking the cascade hydropower station in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River for the integration of basin hydro-wind-solar power as an application case. At the same time, it is pointed out that the output power fluctuation and peak-regulation pressure of cascade hydropower stations are the two key risks that need to be preferentially managed and controlled.关键词：risk identification;uncertainty;cascade hydropower station;direct current (DC) transmission;renewable energy3|2|0更新时间：2025-07-04
Application Research
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