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最新刊期
卷 49 ， 期 24 ， 2025
- 摘要：On April 28, 2025, a massive blackout suddenly struck the entire territories of Spain and Portugal, as well as parts of France, causing the lives of tens of millions of residents to come to a standstill. Based on disclosed information and power grid frequency and voltage data, this paper attempts to reconstruct and summarize the detailed process of the sudden blackout in the three countries. It also concludes that the three major factors causing this blackout are insufficient reserve regulation resource capacity under extreme events, weak ability to regulate inter-regional oscillations and voltage under static stability limits, and difficulty in providing sufficient regulation flexibility through the electricity market and policy mechanisms under extreme events. Finally, combining with the actual operation of China’s power grid, the experience and lessons learned from this massive blackout are discussed. Targeted suggestions are put forward on building a three-dimensional guarantee system for power grid reserve capacity under extreme events, system voltage control and system intelligent decoupling in continuous oscillation scenarios, and exploring the implementation path of renewable energy active support technology under extreme events.关键词：blackout;Spain;Portugal;electricity market;extreme event;stability;reserve capacity3|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
Security and Stability of Power Grid and Blackout Defending
- 摘要：The freezing weather can lead to large-scale wind turbine icing, resulting in reduced output power and even unplanned outages, which severely threaten the safe and stable operation of the power system. According to the current research status of freezing disasters in the power grid, this paper proposes the criterion for identifying freezing disasters in the power grid based on key meteorological factors. The effectiveness of the proposed criterion is validated by using the actual wind power data. On this basis, the evolution characteristics of the regional freezing disasters are studied. The impacts and risks brought by freezing disasters to the wind power operation are analyzed. Then, the concept of wind power freezing disaster exposure is proposed, and the specific reasons for its changes are quantitatively analyzed, which can provide decision-making references for reducing the impact and hazards of freezing disasters on the safe operation of wind power.关键词：extreme weather;freezing disaster;icing disaster;evolution characteristic;wind power;risk3|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：With the large-scale integration of renewable energy, sub/super-synchronous oscillation events in renewable energy grid-connected systems occur frequently. Compared with tracing the oscillation source of oscillations after they occur, it is more advantageous to predict and prevent oscillations in advance to avoid losses. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the weak points of system oscillations for effective suppression. However, due to the “gray-box” parameterization of wind turbines, the complexity of system operation conditions, and constraints such as power generation schedules, it is relatively difficult to establish system network models and conduct online stability analysis and adjustments. To address this issue, an online identification method of weak points in multi-level oscillation of wind farm AC grid-connected systems under the gray-box of wind turbine parameters is proposed. First, the impedance characteristics of wind turbines under multiple operation conditions within the system are obtained based on data-driven approaches. And combined with vector fitting and network topology, a system network impedance model under multiple operation conditions is established. Then, by identifying system oscillation modes and applying the generalized Nyquist criterion, system stability is assessed. Further, through the normalization of linkage wind turbine participation factors and observability, online identification of weak points in multi-level oscillation at the wind farm area and linkage levels is achieved. Finally, for a direct-drive wind farm AC grid-connected system, its network impedance model under multiple operation conditions is obtained, stability assessment is performed, and weak areas and linkages of oscillations are identified. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through electromagnetic transient simulations.关键词：wind farm;grid-connected system;gray-box;data-driven;vector fitting;oscillation;weak point3|3|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：The soft open points (SOPs) partially replace traditional tie switches (TSs) in the distribution network, enhancing its flexibility, control ability, and fault recovery capabilities. Conventional centralized power restoration methods fail to fully consider the rapid response demands of fault restoration and the real-time regulation potential of sources and loads. This paper proposes a distributed fault restoration method based on the synergy of SOPs and TSs. First, a two-level fault restoration framework considering the synergy of SOPs and TSs is established using breadth-first topology search and system capacity estimation. The localized interaction of power information at the lower-level source-load nodes, combined with the restoration decision-making at the upper-level switching nodes, significantly enhances the rapid self-healing performance of power supply. Then, the recovery capability modeling is conducted in real time based on the load temporal characteristics,and a regional dynamic capacity estimation method is further proposed. During the primary power adjustment of the system, the power allocation is conducted according to the dynamically estimated capacity, thereby exploring the flexible power flow control capability of the SOP under fault conditions. Finally, the secondary power adjustment method is proposed to ensure voltage support capability and transient stability during the fault restoration phase. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.关键词：distribution network;soft open point;tie switch;fault restoration;dynamic capacity estimation;two-stage power adjustment2|1|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：Aiming at the difficulty of traditional optimization methods in adapting to distribution networks with poor parameter heterogeneity and observability and collaborating with the regulating devices with various response time, and failing to take into account the optimal objectives of the reverse load rate voltage and network loss in low-voltage distribution station areas, a double-layer reinforcement learning based collaborative optimal control method is proposed for the weakly observable medium- and low-voltage distribution networks. Firstly, the key measurement nodes are selected to construct a physics guided two-stage neural network power flow estimation model, which realizes the accurate sensing of key states such as reverse load rate, node voltage and network loss in the distribution station area by embedding the physical priori knowledge. Secondly, a multi-modal adaptive control strategy for photovoltaic inverters is designed to meet various regulation demands of reverse load rate overload, voltage limit exceeding, and network loss increase in the low-voltage distribution station area. Then, the upper-layer on-load tap changer control and the lower-layer soft open point/photovoltaic inverter control are modeled as partially observable Markov game processes, respectively, and the multi-timescale collaborative optimization of devices is achieved through a cross-layer reward mechanism. The multi-agent actor-critic algorithm, which integrates attention mechanism, is used to efficiently extract information highly relevant to the own decision-making of agents. This reduces the input dimensionality of the critic network and accelerate convergence. Results show that the proposed method can accurately perceive the key state information in the medium- and low-voltage distribution networks, and realize the collaborative optimal control of the reverse load rate, node voltage and network loss in the medium- and low-voltage distribution networks with multiple types of regulation devices.关键词：active distribution network;multi-timescale;agent;reinforcement learning;collaborative optimization2|1|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：The combination of spot market mechanism and multiple energy storage technology is an effective way to enhance the flexible accommodation level of renewable energy and the flexibility of power system operation. Firstly, based on the analysis of the operation characteristics of multiple energy storage and its participation in the clearing operation mechanism of the spot electricity energy market, and in response to the uncertainties of day-ahead wind power output and load power, the rapid pre-generation elimination technology based on probability distance uses the Latin hypercube sampling method to generate a set of uncertainty scenarios of source and load power. Secondly, based on the basic idea of “multi-level coordination, level-by-level refinement”, and with the goal of minimizing the system comprehensive operation cost of the spot electricity energy market clearing on different time scales, the day-ahead multi-scenario optimal scheduling model and the intra-day rolling optimal scheduling model are constructed, respectively. Then, for the high-dimensional and non-linear constraints such as peak and frequency regulation in the scheduling model, based on the iterative idea of “iterative calibration, correction constraints” for internal and external interaction, the model is transformed and solved efficiently and quickly. Finally, the modified IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems are used as objects for case analysis, respectively, and the simulation results show that the proposed day-ahead and intra-day coordinated optimal scheduling strategy can give fully play to the resource endowment and collaborative characteristics of multiple energy storage, and improve the operation economy and reliability of the power system under the precondition of meeting the safe and stable operation of multiple scenarios such as renewable energy accommodation, peak and frequency regulation of the power system.关键词：energy storage;spot electricity energy market;optimal scheduling;renewable energy accommodation;peak regulation;frequency regulation3|1|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：Typhoon disasters caused by global warming pose severe challenges to the safe operation of coastal power grids, necessitating emergency dispatch to enhance grid resilience. To address this, a two-stage emergency coordinated robust dispatch strategy considering multi-resource regulation characteristics is proposed. First, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristic of grid faults is analyzed based on the abnormal impact mechanisms of typhoon disasters on grid equipment. Second, a time-varying entropy interval is obtained from the time-varying fault probability of transmission lines to generate an uncertainty fault set based on information entropy, and a two-stage emergency coordinated robust dispatch model is formulated. Subsequently, the column-and-constraint generation algorithm and alternating optimization process are employed to derive the emergency coordinated robust dispatch strategy for multiple resources, such as thermal power, wind power, electrochemical energy storage, and hydrogen energy storage. Finally, case studies on IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 39-bus systems show that, compared with deterministic strategies and single-stage robust strategies, the proposed coordinated robust dispatch strategy ensures grid reliability in multiple fault scenarios (with low load shedding and zero wind curtailment), while avoiding the high-cost issues caused by conservative single-stage robust dispatch.关键词：typhoon disaster;regulation characteristic;emergency dispatch;resilience;robust optimization2|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：In recent years, the super-typhoons caused significant losses to the power system. However, the existing resilience-oriented power system planning fails to adequately account for the typhoon-induced disaster factors and uncertainties of the corresponding component failure, which leads to the insufficient robustness of the planning scheme to cope with typhoon disasters. This paper employs a data-driven distributionally robust optimization and proposes a coordinated source-grid-storage planning model for pre-disaster prevention of typhoon. Firstly, in order to describe the dual uncertainties associated with both the typhoon characteristics and line fault, an ambiguity set is constructed based on the Wasserstein distance to encompass the characteristic information such as typhoon intensity. Additionally, an uncertainty set is formulated using the information entropy theory to capture the line fault probability and state information. Then, in terms of the demand of load supply and investment budget, a min-max-max-min source-grid-storage four-layer coordinated planning model including backup generation deployment, line hardening planning and energy storage deployment is established. Furthermore, a nested column-and-constraint generation (NC&CG) algorithm based on parallel mode is proposed in accordance with the characteristics of the model. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the IEEE RTS-24-node system, and the validity of the proposed method is verified by constructing a max-min operation simulation verification model for comparative analysis of out-of-sample typhoon scenarios.关键词：typhoon disasters;line fault;uncertainty;resilience;source-grid-storage;coordinated planning;load supply3|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：With the full liberalization of operation rights of incremental distribution networks and the electricity market reform, incremental distribution networks face challenges such as multi-entity bidding behaviors and uncertainties in renewable energy sources when participating in markets. To address these challenges, the operation strategy of energy-reserve and equilibrium analysis method for distribution networks based on conditional value at risk (CVaR) are proposed to simulate the market game behaviors and risk management strategies of multiple incremental distribution networks. Firstly, an overall framework for incremental distribution networks to participate in the energy and reserve markets is proposed. Secondly, a bi-level optimization decision-making model considering the participation of multiple incremental distribution networks in the energy and reserve markets is constructed. The upper level aims to minimize the operation costs of incremental distribution networks participating in the energy and reserve markets, and uses CVaR theory to measure the risks of uncertainties and multi-agent games; the lower level simulates the joint clearing of the energy and reserve markets. Finally, the nonlinear bi-level model is transformed into an equilibrium model with equilibrium constraints (EPEC) through the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and strong duality theory, so as to describe the game relationship among multiple incremental distribution networks. Case studies show that the proposed method can effectively improve the market competitiveness of incremental distribution networks in the environment of uncertainties and multi-entity games, and form an optimal operation strategy that is more in line with market realities.关键词：incremental distribution network;energy market;reserve market;conditional value at risk;market clearing;market equilibrium;distributed resource3|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：Targeting the contradiction between incentivizing users and increasing revenues for electric vehicle aggregator participating in automatic generation control (AGC) service, a user profile based incentive pricing strategy for electric vehicle users participating in AGC service is proposed. First, by comprehensively considering user characteristics and aggregator demands, a user feature index system is established to quantify the multi-dimensional profile characteristics of users during their participation in service. Then, a sample matrix is built based on the quantitative indices to predict the number of AGC periods for user participation based on multi-layer perceptron. Finally, on the premise of maximizing frequency regulation compensation from the aggregator, the corresponding incentive of frequency regulation compensation is allocated to users based on Shapley value. In addition, user incentives also take into account the charging revenues brought to the aggregator by users participating in AGC service, as well as the personalized incentive based on historical participation performance of users. The simulation results demonstrate that compared with the strategy of incentive pricing based on actual contributions of users after charging, the proposed strategy can not only bring additional charging revenue to the aggregator, but also help users reduce charging cost. This strategy guides users to participate in AGC services fairly and orderly by providing differentiated incentive pricing and expected off-grid time before electric vehicle users start charging, ultimately achieving an economic win-win situation for both aggregator and users.关键词：electric vehicle;automatic generation control (AGC);incentive pricing;user profile;frequency regulation3|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：Electric vehicles (EVs), characterized by rapid response and high flexibility, represent a high-quality flexible response resource on the demand side. However, their small individual capacity, uncertain grid-connection time, and diverse charging modes tend to cause power fluctuations in the grid. Therefore, how to achieve flexible aggregation and smooth control of EV clusters and tap into the potential of EV regulation, has important theoretical significance and practical value. Firstly, based on three typical modes of delayed charging, flexible charging, and flexible discharging, an assemblage of state of charge (SOC) trajectories for EVs is constructed, systematically characterizing the discharging behaviors and flexibility performance of EVs in various modes. Secondly, with the objective of maximizing the aggregated power range of EV clusters during the regulation period, considering the disaggregating feasibility of aggregated power, a power aggregation model for EV clusters based on two-stage robust optimization is designed. Finally, a disaggregation model for the aggregated power of EV clusters is established from two dimensions of charging/discharging power fluctuations and user satisfaction index. Case study results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide the temporally dynamic optimal adjustable range for EV cluster power and ensure the reliable disaggregation of the aggregated power.关键词：electric vehicle;charging mode;flexibility;robust optimization;adjustable capacity;aggregation;disaggregation3|1|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：The inertia of power systems is a crucial factor for maintaining the stability of system frequency. With the gradual increase of grid-forming power sources to supply inertias in distribution networks, the accurate measurement and estimation of nodal equivalent inertia is of great importance for safe operation of power systems. In this paper, to address the issue of insufficient estimation accuracy of measurement methods for power system inertia, firstly, the limitations of the measurement link of phase-locked loop and conventional synchrophasor algorithm in system rate of change of frequency measurement for systems and inertia calculation from the perspective of the mechanism are analyzed, and a frequency response model for single-machine systems is established considering devices such as synchronous generators, renewable energy sources, and loads, etc. Secondly, based on the dynamic synchrophasor algorithm, an identification method of inertia for single-machine systems based on the frequency response model is proposed. This method can effectively reduce the impact of measurement noises on inertia estimation. Furthermore, this method is extended to multi-machine systems and an identification method of inertia for multi-machine systems based on the frequency response model is proposed. Finally,Through the theoretical analysis and simulation, the advantages of the proposed method are verified in terms of improving the accuracy of inertia estimation and practicality.关键词：power system;frequency stability;inertia;grid-forming;phase-locked loop;synchrophasor2|1|0更新时间：2026-02-28
Basic Research
- 摘要：The refined and high-efficiency simulation of wind farms, considering the full-process coupling of “wind energy-mechanical energy-electrical energy”, faces challenges including multiple simulation objects, large simulation scale, and small simulation step size. To this end, the simulation platform architecture is designed based on the heterogeneous computing chips of the central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), and field-programmable gate array (FPGA), to realize the matching between simulation objects and hardware characteristics. Secondly, the real-time improvements are made for CPU-based simulation equipment at the bottom layer of the operation system, so as to consider the large-scale and small-step-length simulation demand. Finally, to meet the high-efficiency offline simulation demand, the high-efficiency simulation computing kernel and the bootstrap simulation modeling software are designed based on the parallel computing technology. The proposed technology is tested based on a wind farm simulation case with 40 wind turbines. The results show that the proposed simulation technology can meet the demand for refined and high-efficiency simulation of wind farms in terms of computation efficiency and real-time performance.关键词：wind farm;real-time simulation;refined simulation;heterogeneous computing;field programmable gate array (FPGA);graphics processing unit (GPU)3|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：At present, low-voltage AC series arc fault detection schemes are mostly focused on the user-side circuits behind the electricity meter. However, if a fault occurs on the grid-side circuit between the transformer and the meter, it will affect the power supply of the entire station area. To address this issue, a low-voltage station-area-level AC series arc fault identification method is proposed, utilizing the amplitude-phase combination features for multi-frequency electrical quantity. For user-side faults, a fault detection method based on high-frequency current characteristics is proposed, which identifies high-frequency components of the arc voltage source as the detection criterion. For grid-side faults, a fault detection method based on low-frequency characteristics of asynchronous-synchronous differential voltage is proposed, which identifies low-frequency components of the arc voltage source as the detection criterion. These two methods construct fault detection criteria from the perspectives of voltage and current, respectively, and deeply explore the mapping relationship between the amplitude and phase of the arc voltage. Meanwhile, they solve the challenges of feature selection and threshold determination in AC series arc fault detection in various application scenarios, achieving full-area line protection across the entire low-voltage station areas.关键词：low-voltage distribution system;station area;series arc fault;fault detection;amplitude-phase combination3|3|0更新时间：2026-02-28
- 摘要：To address the issue of coordinating the grid connection of multiple renewable energy sources, a single-stage grid-connected inverter with polymorphic energy is proposed. By adopting a combined topology of diode-clamped three-level and half-bridge circuits, three DC ports are constructed, which can respectively connect to three types of energy sources: photovoltaic, fuel cell, and energy storage battery. This ensures the single-stage transformation characteristics between all DC ports and the AC port. Aiming at the problem of DC-side voltage fluctuation, this paper proposes a virtual space vector pulse width modulation strategy to achieve flexible power control at each DC port. By constructing virtual vectors and adjusting the effective duration of the actual vectors, the effective control of power at each DC port on the DC side is achieved. A reference control strategy that takes the energy operation status as a regulation factor and matches the modulation strategy is also designed. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed single-stage grid-connected inverter with polymorphic energy and its control strategy is verified on the hardware-in-the-loop(HIL) real-time digital simulation platform.关键词：renewable energy integration;inverter;polymorphic energy;single-stage conversion;virtual space vector pulse width modulation;power control3|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
Application Research
- 摘要：The energy management system (EMS) of a microgrid, as a key tool for integrated management of distributed devices, serves as the core technology enabling efficient and stable microgrid operation. Firstly, the hardware and software architecture of microgrid EMS are summarized. Secondly, the challenges and limitations of the conventional microgrid EMS in engineering practice are analyzed. Further, the full-link configurable embedded microgrid EMS is introduced. Finally, case studies on islanded microgrids, distribution station area microgrids and campus microgrids demonstrate how the embedded EMS achieves scenario-specific control objectives via full-link configuration technology, validating its effectiveness and adaptability.关键词：microgrid;energy management system;station area;software architecture;hardware architecture;full-link configuration;engineering practice2|0|0更新时间：2026-02-28
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Quantitative Analysis on Topology Failure Rate of Communication Network for Flexible DC Submodules AI导读
摘要：With the continuous increase in voltage levels and capacities of flexible direct current (DC) transmission projects, along with the ever-expanding scale of valve control and submodule communication networks, communication reliability has emerged as one of the critical factors for the reliable operation of flexible HVDC systems. Different topologies of submodule communication networks can offer varying degrees of communication redundancy capabilities. However, the introduction of redundant channels also leads to an increase in failure points and a rise in system complexity. Therefore, it is necessary to quantitatively evaluate the failure rates of various topologies. Firstly, a mathematical model is established based on the minimum repeating unit of network topologies, employing the principles of Markov stochastic processes. Secondly, in accordance with the operation characteristics of flexible DC, simplifying assumptions are proposed, and algorithms for designing state transition matrices and generating failure state vectors are devised, further deriving Markov chain calculation formulas for multiple states. Finally, the failure rates of various typical communication topologies are calculated and analyzed, and suggestions for the development direction of flexible DC submodule communication technology are proposed.This work is sFoundationupported by Smart Grid-National Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2024ZD0802600).关键词：flexible DC;submodule;communication network;network topology;Failure Rate;Markov process2|2|0更新时间：2026-02-28
Engineering Application
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