SCHETZ J A. Aerodynamics of high-speed trains[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2001, 33: 371−414. doi: 10.1146/annurev.fluid.33.1.371

OSTER D. Evacuated tube transport: US5950543[P]. 1999-09-14.

ROSSEL P, MOSSI M. Swissmetro: A revolution in the high-speed passenger transport systems[C]// 1st Swiss Transport Research Confence. 2001: 13.

OSTER D, KUMADA M, ZHANG Y P. Evacuated tube transport technologies (ET3) TM: A maximum value global transportation network for passengers and cargo[J]. Journal of Modern Transportation, 2011, 19(1): 42−50. doi: 10.1007/BF03325739

DENG Z G, ZHANG Y, WANG B, et al. Present situation and prospect of evacuated tube transportation system[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2019, 54(5): 1063−1072 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20180204

DENG Z G, ZHANG W H, ZHENG J, et al. A high-temperature superconducting maglev-evacuated tube transport (HTS maglev-ETT) test system[J]. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2017, 27(6): 1−8. doi: 10.1109/TASC.2017.2716842

LIU D G, MAO K, HAN S C, et al. High-speed train for vacuum pipeline maglev transportation system and maglev transportation system: CN210027054U[P]. 2020-02-07 (in Chinese).

LIANG Q H, ZHAO T. National comprehensive transportation network[J]. World Railway, 2021(6): 69 (in Chinese).

BACCARELLA D, LIU Q L, MCGANN B J, et al. Combustion induced choking and unstart initiation in a circular constant-area supersonic flow[J]. AIAA Journal, 2019, 57(12): 5365−5376. doi: 10.2514/1.j057921

MORAN J P, SHEN S F. On the formation of weak plane shock waves by impulsive motion of a piston[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1966, 25(4): 705−718. doi: 10.1017/s0022112066000351

YU H R. Shock wave generated by hollow piston movement[J]. Physics of Gases, 2016, 1(1): 1−4 (in Chinese).

TONG B G, KONG X Y, DENG G H. Gas dynamics[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2012 (in Chinese).

OH J S, KANG T, HAM S, et al. Numerical analysis of aerodynamic characteristics of hyperloop system[J]. Energies, 2019, 12(3): 518. doi: 10.3390/en12030518

ZHANG X H, LI T, ZHANG J Y, et al. Aerodynamic congestion and shock wave phenomenon of subsonic vacuum pipeline train[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 57(4): 182−190 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3901/JME.2021.04.182

ZHOU P, ZHANG J Y, LI T. Effects of blocking ratio and Mach number on aerodynamic characteristics of the evacuated tube train[J]. International Journal of Rail Transportation, 2020, 8(1): 27−44. doi: 10.1080/23248378.2019.1675191

ZHOU P, ZHANG J Y, LI T, et al. Numerical study on wave phenomena produced by the super high-speed evacuated tube maglev train[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2019, 190: 61−70. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2019.04.003

YU Q J, YANG X F, NIU J Q, et al. Theoretical and numerical study of choking mechanism of fluid flow in Hyperloop system[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2022, 121: 107367. doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2022.107367

YU Q J, YANG X F, NIU J Q, et al. Aerodynamic thermal environment around transonic tube train in choked/unchoked flow[J]. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 2021, 92: 108890. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2021.108890

YU Q J, YANG X F, NIU J Q, et al. Thermal effects on the wall surfaces of transonic evacuated tube maglev transportation[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 222: 119876. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119876

BI H Q, WANG Z H, WANG H L, et al. Aerodynamic phenomena and drag of a maglev train running dynamically in a vacuum tube[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(9): 096111. doi: 10.1063/5.0104819

ZHOU Z W, XIA C, DU X Z, et al. Impact of the isentropic and Kantrowitz limits on the aerodynamics of an evacuated tube transportation system[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(6): 066103. doi: 10.1063/5.0090971

ZHONG S, YANG M Z, QIAN B S, et al. Temporal evolution of flow field structure for vehicles accelerating in evacuated tube transportation system[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2023, 35(2): 025117. doi: 10.1063/5.0132163

HRUSCHKA R, KLATT D. In-pipe aerodynamic characteristics of a projectile in comparison with free flight for transonic Mach numbers[J]. Shock Waves, 2019, 29(2): 297−306. doi: 10.1007/s00193-018-0816-2

JANG K S, LE T T G, KIM J, et al. Effects of compressible flow phenomena on aerodynamic characteristics in hyperloop system[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2021, 117: 106970. doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2021.106970

HOU Z H, ZHU Y J, BO J L, et al. Quasi-one-dimensional aerodynamic characteristics of tube train[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022, 58(6): 119−129 (in Chinese).

HOU Z H, ZHU Y J, BO J L, et al. A quasi-one-dimensional study on global characteristics of tube train flows[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(2): 026104. doi: 10.1063/5.0080544

LI T, SONG J Y, ZHANG X H, et al. Theoretical and numerical studies on compressible flow around a subsonic evacuated tube train[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2022, 236(15): 8261−8271. doi: 10.1177/09544062221087826

SONG J Y, LI T, ZHANG J Y. Research on aerodynamic characteristics of evacuated tube train in dynamic operation[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2023, 37(1): 64−71 (in Chinese). doi: 10.11729/syltlx20220121

KIM T K, KIM K H, KWON H B. Aerodynamic characteristics of a tube train[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2011, 99(12): 1187−1196. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2011.09.001

BARON A, MOSSI M, SIBILLA S. The alleviation of the aerodynamic drag and wave effects of high-speed trains in very long tunnels[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2001, 89(5): 365−401. doi: 10.1016/s0167-6105(00)00071-4

JACOBS P A. Quasi-one-dimensional modeling of a free-piston shock tunnel[J]. AIAA Journal, 1994, 32(1): 137−145. doi: 10.2514/3.11961

YANG J T, ZHU Y J, YANG J M. Self-ignition induced by cylindrically imploding shock adapting to a convergent channel[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2017, 29(3): 031702. doi: 10.1063/1.4979135

HOU Z H, YANG J T, ZHU Y J, et al. Self-ignition caused by an imploding arc-shaped shock wave and the subsequent propagation of combustion[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2019, 33(5): 10−17 (in Chinese).

YANG J T, HOU Z H. Autoignition and combustion wave propagation in a spatial reactivity gradient environment constructed using the shock-converging method[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2021, 225: 228−236. doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.10.034

GROTH C, GOTTLIEB J J. Numerical study of two-stage light-gas hypervelocity projectile launchers[R]. Toronto, 1988.

HAMMITT A G. Aerodynamic analysis of tube vehicle systems[J]. AIAA Journal, 1972, 10(3): 282−290. doi: 10.2514/3.6577

HAMMIT A G. Unsteady aerodynamics of vehicles[J]. AIAA Journal, 1975, 13(4): 497−503. doi: 10.2514/3.49737

MAGNUS D. Analysis of the near flow field for high speed vehicles in tubes[C]// 8th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, West Germany. Reston, Virginia: AIAA, 1970: 140. doi: 10.2514/6.1970-140

GRALEWSKI Z A. The aerodynamic drag of tube vehicles travelling at subsonic speeds[D]. Loughborough, East Midlands, UK: Loughborough University, 1979.

HOU Z H. Flow structures and aerodynamic force/heating characteristics of high-speed tube train[D]. Heifei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2022 (in Chinese).

SHEN Z, MAO K, BO J L, et al. Aerodynamic noise characteristics of the high-speed maglev train in the U-shaped track[C]//Proc. 3rd Aerodynamic Noise and Control Technology Conference. CARS, 2023 (in Chinese).

NI Z S, ZHANG J, FU C, et al. Analyses of the test techniques and applications of maglev flight tunnels[J]. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 2021, 39(5): 95−110 (in Chinese). doi: 10.7638/kqdlxxb-2021.0206

SEO Y, CHO M, KIM D H, et al. Experimental analysis of aerodynamic characteristics in the Hyperloop system[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2023, 137: 108265. doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2023.108265

NIU J Q, SUI Y, YU Q J, et al. Numerical study on the impact of Mach number on the coupling effect of aerodynamic heating and aerodynamic pressure caused by a tube train[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2019, 190: 100−111. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2019.04.001

LI T, ZHANG X H, JIANG Y, et al. Aerodynamic design of a subsonic evacuated tube train system[J]. Fluid Dynamics Materials Processing, 2020, 16(1): 121−130. doi: 10.32604/fdmp.2020.07976

SUI Y, NIU J Q, YUAN Y P, et al. An aerothermal study of influence of blockage ratio on a supersonic tube train system[J]. Journal of Thermal Science, 2022, 31(2): 529−540. doi: 10.1007/s11630-020-1281-7

ZHONG S, QIAN B S, YANG M Z, et al. Investigation on flow field structure and aerodynamic load in vacuum tube transportation system[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2021, 215: 104681. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104681

CHEN Y C, QIN B, LIANG X F. Three-dimensional study on aerodynamics characteristics and shock wave effects of the vacuum tube train[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2023, 20(2): 412−422 (in Chinese). doi: 10.19713/j.cnki.43-1423/u.T20220373

ZHOU P, ZHANG J, LI T, et al. Effect of initial ambient temperature on aerodynamic characteristics of high-speed train in an evacuated tube[J]. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 2021, 39(5): 181−190 (in Chinese). doi: 10.7638/kqdlxxb-2021.0161

MI B G, ZHAN H, ZHU J. Simulation of aerodynamic drag of high-speed train in evacuated tube transportation[J]. Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 2013, 33(9): 877−882 (in Chinese).

JIA W G, WANG K, CHENG A P, et al. Air flow and differential pressure characteristics in the vacuum tube transportation system based on pressure recycle ducts[J]. Vacuum, 2018, 150: 58−68. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.12.023

NIU J Q, SUI Y, YU Q J, et al. Effect of acceleration and deceleration of a capsule train running at transonic speed on the flow and heat transfer in the tube[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2020, 105: 105977. doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2020.105977

ZHOU P, ZHANG J Y. Aerothermal mechanisms induced by the super high-speed evacuated tube maglev train[J]. Vacuum, 2020, 173: 109142. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.109142

ZHOU P, LI T, ZHANG J Y, et al. Research on shock wave trains generated by the hyper train in the evacuated tube[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 56(2): 86−97 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3901/JME.2020.02.086

ZHOU P, LI T, ZHANG J Y, et al. Aerodynamic thermal effect of vacuum pipeline super train[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 56(8): 190−199 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3901/JME.2020.08.190

SUI Y, NIU J Q, RICCO P, et al. Impact of vacuum degree on the aerodynamics of a high-speed train capsule running in a tube[J]. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 2021, 88: 108752. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2020.108752

HU X, DENG Z G, ZHANG W H. Effect of cross passage on aerodynamic characteristics of super-high-speed evacuated tube transportation[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2021, 211: 104562. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104562

HU X, DENG Z G, ZHANG Y L, et al. Characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of wave system in evacuated tube maglev transportation[J]. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 2022, 40(6): 146−154 (in Chinese).

HUANG Z D, YI Y Y, CHANG N. Analysis on shock wave characteristics of supersonic train running in tube[J]. Vacuum, 2022, 59(5): 55−62 (in Chinese).

KIM J, LE T T G, CHO M, et al. Theoretical and numerical analysis of effects of sudden expansion and contraction on compressible flow phenomena in Hyperloop system[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2022, 126: 107587. doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2022.107587

KIM J, JANG K S, LE T T G, et al. Theoretical and numerical analysis of pressure waves and aerodynamic characteristics in Hyperloop system under cracked-tube conditions[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2022, 123: 107458. doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2022.107458

LE T T G, KIM J, JANG K S, et al. Numerical study of unsteady compressible flow induced by multiple pods operating in the Hyperloop system[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2022, 226: 105024. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105024

YI Y Y, HUANG Z D, ZHOU Z B, et al. Analysis of shock wave characteristics of two-dimensional pipeline train intersection[J]. Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 2023, 43(4): 350−360 (in Chinese).

ZHOU X, ZHANG D Y, ZHANG Y P. Numerical simulation of blockage rate and aerodynamic drag of high-speed train in evacuated tube transportation[J]. Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 2008, 28(6): 535−538 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7126.2007.01.015

ZHOU X. Numerical simulation of air resistance of high-speed train transported by vacuum pipeline[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2008 (in Chinese).

LIU J L, ZHANG J Y, ZHANG W H. Analysis of aerodynamic characteristics of high-speed trains in the evacuated tube[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2013, 49(22): 137−143 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3901/JME.2013.22.137

KANG H, JIN Y M, KWON H, et al. A study on the aerodynamic drag of transonic vehicle in evacuated tube using computational fluid dynamics[J]. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 2017, 18(4): 614−622. doi: 10.5139/ijass.2017.18.4.614

HUANG Z D, LIANG X F, CHANG N. Numerical analysis of train aerodynamic drag of vacuum tube traffic[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 55(8): 165−172 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3901/JME.2019.08.165

CHEN D W, GUO D. Aerodynamic characteristics of maglev train on low evacuated tube[J]. International Journal of Mechanics Research, 2019(2): 109−117 (in Chinese).

LIU J L, ZHANG J Y, ZHANG W H. Impacts of pressure, blockage-ratio and speed on aerodynamic drag-force of high-speed trains[J]. Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 2014, 34(1): 10−15 (in Chinese).

LIU H L. Study on energy consumption of comprehensive operation of vacuum pipeline transportation system[D]. Qingdao: Qingdao University of Science Technology, 2016 (in Chinese).

LE T T G, JANG K S, LEE K S, et al. Numerical investigation of aerodynamic drag and pressure waves in hyperloop systems[J]. Mathematics, 2020, 8(11): 1973. doi: 10.3390/math8111973

ZHOU P, QIN D, ZHANG J Y, et al. Aerodynamic characteristics of the evacuated tube maglev train considering the suspension gap[J]. International Journal of Rail Transportation, 2022, 10(2): 195−215. doi: 10.1080/23248378.2021.1885514

SONG J Y, LI T, ZHANG J Y, et al. Effect of tube cross-section shape on aerodynamic characteristics of subsonic evacuated tube maglev system[J]. Vacuum, 2022, 59(1): 7−12 (in Chinese).

WANG X F, HU X, LI Z P, et al. The effect of track structure on the aerodynamic characteristics of evacuated tube maglev train[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2023, 37(3): 9−18 (in Chinese). doi: 10.11729/syltlx20220140

HUANG Z D, CHANG N, YANG T N. Transient pressure on tube-wall in evacuated tube transportation: a simulation and experimental study[J]. Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 2020, 40(12): 1182−1190 (in Chinese).

ZHOU Y, LIU H L, LIU Y J, et al. Simulation of entropy layer in evacuated tube transport at supersonic speed[J]. Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 2014, 34(8): 775−780 (in Chinese).

SONG J Y, LI T, ZHANG X H, et al. Research on aerodynamic and thermal characteristics of subsonic evacuated tube maglev system[J]. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 2022, 40(2): 115−121 (in Chinese). doi: 10.7638/kqdlxxb-2021.0227

ZHANG J B, LI H M, WANG J B, et al. Simulation analysis and research on thermal effect of maglev train in low vacuum tube[J]. Chinese Railways, 2020(11): 100−106 (in Chinese). doi: 10.19549/j.issn.1001-683x.2020.11.100

BAO S J, HU X, WANG J K, et al. Numerical study on the influence of initial ambient temperature on the aerodynamic heating in the tube train system[J]. Advances in Aerodynamics, 2020, 2(1): 1−18. doi: 10.1186/s42774-020-00053-8

YU Q J, YANG X F, NIU J Q, et al. Influence of congestion effect on aerodynamic heating of high-speed train with low pressure pipeline[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2022, 43(1): 211−218 (in Chinese).

HU X, MA T H, WANG X F, et al. Distribution and unsteady characteristics of the temperature and pressure loads acting on the car-body in evacuated tube maglev transport[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2023, 37(1): 9−28 (in Chinese). doi: 10.11729/syltlx20220084

JIA W G. Study on thermodynamic characteristics of vacuum pipeline traffic system[D]. Qingdao: Qingdao University of Science Technology, 2013 (in Chinese).

DONG C G. Influence of blocking ratio on aerodynamic heat generation and heat transfer in vacuum pipeline transportation system[D]. Qingdao: Qingdao University of Science Technology, 2013 (in Chinese).

ZHU Y F. Study on thermal effect of long tunnel on high-speed railway[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 2010 (in Chinese).

ZHANG S H, LI H, WANG Y M. Numerical study for complex multi-scale flow with shock, vortex and sound wave[J]. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 2018, 36(3): 449−462 (in Chinese).

LIU J L, ZHANG J Y, ZHANG W H. Simulation of noise source for high speed train in evacuated tube[J]. Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 2013, 33(10): 1026−1031 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7126.2013.10.14

ZHANG L T. Research on the effect of noise in high speed railway tunnel on ride comfort[J]. Journal of Railway Engineering Society, 2019, 36(6): 74−79 (in Chinese).

CHEN X Y, ZHAO L F, MA J Q, et al. Aerodynamic simulation of evacuated tube maglev trains with different streamlined designs[J]. Journal of Modern Transportation, 2012, 20(2): 115−120. doi: 10.1007/BF03325788

ZHANG X H, JIANG Y, LI T. Effect of streamlined nose length on the aerodynamic performance of a 800 km/h evacuated tube train[J]. Fluid Dynamics Materials Processing, 2020, 16(1): 67−76. doi: 10.32604/fdmp.2020.07776

NIU J Q, SUI Y, YU Q J, et al. Comparative numerical study of aerodynamic heating and performance of transonic hyperloop pods with different noses[J]. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2022, 29: 101701. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101701

BRAUN J, SOUSA J, PEKARDAN C. Aerodynamic design and analysis of the hyperloop[J]. AIAA Journal, 2017, 55(12): 4053−4060. doi: 10.2514/1.j055634

OPGENOORD M M J, CAPLAN P C. Aerodynamic design of the hyperloop concept[J]. AIAA Journal, 2018, 56(11): 4261−4270. doi: 10.2514/1.j057103

YANG Y, ZHANG H D, HONG Z D. Research on optimal design method for drag reduction of vacuum pipeline vehicle body[J]. International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2019, 33(1-2): 77−86. doi: 10.1080/10618562.2019.1601711

JIA W G, ZHANG K R, WANG C W, et al. Study on the influence of HRD on aerodynamic heat diffusion of VTT system under different blocking ratios[J]. Vacuum, 2020, 179: 109502. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109502

ZHOU K Y, DING G F, WANG Y M, et al. Aeroheating and aerodynamic performance of a transonic hyperloop pod with radial gap and axial channel: A contrastive study[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2021, 212: 104591. doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104591

LIU J L. Analysis of aerodynamic noise characteristics and research on noise reduction of high-speed trains[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2013 (in Chinese).