Electric Vehicle Incentivization Framework to Provide Local Reserve Capacity for PV Power Generation in Green Power Direct Supply

Zhan Liu; Yue Zhou; Wei Gan; Hongtao Ren; Fushuan Wen

doi:10.35833/MPCE.2025.000627

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Electric Vehicle Incentivization Framework to Provide Local Reserve Capacity for PV Power Generation in Green Power Direct Supply

Original Paper | 更新时间：2026-09-28

- Electric Vehicle Incentivization Framework to Provide Local Reserve Capacity for PV Power Generation in Green Power Direct Supply
- Electric Vehicle Incentivization Framework to Provide Local Reserve Capacity for PV Power Generation in Green Power Direct Supply
- MPCE 2026年14卷第5期页码：1857-1868
- 作者机构：
  
  1.College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
  2.School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
  3.State Grid Economic and Technological Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
  4.Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University Sanya 572000, China
  5.College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- 作者简介：
  
  Zhan Liu received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 2020. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree from the College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. His research interests include electric vehicle charging scheduling, power system demand side response, and electricity market. Email: liuzhan22238@zju.edu.cn
  Yue Zhou
  Wei Gan received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 2016 and 2021, respectively. He is currently a Postdoctoral Research Associate with the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. His research interests include peer-to-peer energy trading, coordinated optimization of power-traffic system, and multiple energy system integration. Email:GanW4@cardiff.ac.uk
  Hongtao Ren received the B.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 2019 and 2024, respectively. His research interests include electric vehicle and smart grid. Email:rht111222@gmail.com
  Fushuan Wen received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in electrical engineering from Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, in 1985 and 1988, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 1991. In 1991, he joined Zhejiang University as a Faculty Member with the School of Electrical Engineering, where he has been a Full Professor since 1997. He has also been a Full Professor with the Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China, since 2022. His research interests include power industry restructuring, power system alarm processing, fault diagnosis and restoration, smart grid, and electric vehicle. Email:fushuan.wen@gmail.com
- 基金信息：
  
  the National Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20232026)
- DOI：10.35833/MPCE.2025.000627
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2025-08-05，
  
  修回：2025-11-02，
  
  录用：2026-01-05，
  
  纸质出版：2026-09-15
- 稿件说明：
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Zhan Liu, Yue Zhou, Wei Gan, 等. Electric Vehicle Incentivization Framework to Provide Local Reserve Capacity for PV Power Generation in Green Power Direct Supply[J]. MPCE, 2026,14(5):1857-1868.

Liu Zhan,Zhou Yue,Gan Wei,et al.Electric Vehicle Incentivization Framework to Provide Local Reserve Capacity for PV Power Generation in Green Power Direct Supply[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2026,14(05):1857-1868.
Zhan Liu, Yue Zhou, Wei Gan, 等. Electric Vehicle Incentivization Framework to Provide Local Reserve Capacity for PV Power Generation in Green Power Direct Supply[J]. MPCE, 2026,14(5):1857-1868. DOI： 10.35833/MPCE.2025.000627.

Liu Zhan,Zhou Yue,Gan Wei,et al.Electric Vehicle Incentivization Framework to Provide Local Reserve Capacity for PV Power Generation in Green Power Direct Supply[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2026,14(05):1857-1868. DOI： 10.35833/MPCE.2025.000627.

摘要

Abstract

Low-voltage photovoltaic (PV) expansion reduces energy revenue of utility grid but leaves reserve capacity and costs unchanged and hard to quantify. To address this issue

the utility grid promotes the green power direct supply scheme that deliver PV energy to consumers in behind-the-meter (BTM) community without relying on public transmission lines. With a clear ownership boundary

the utility grid can accurately measure and share the previously neglected cost of providing reserve capacity

thereby encouraging PV power generation to seek local reserve capacity in the BTM community to reduce cost. Dedicated slow-charging electric vehicle (EV) facilities in the BTM community

servicing EVs that have fixed arrival and departure schedules and long parking durations

can offer local reserve capacity to mitigate PV power deviations. This paper proposes an EV incentivization framework to provide local reserve capacity for PV power generation in the green power direct supply scheme. First

a stochastic optimization model is established to evaluate expected residual PV power deviation costs and determine the corresponding local reserve capacity demand. Second

a bi-level Stackelberg game model is formulated to describe the multi-round bargaining between the charging facility operator (CFO) and EV users. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed EV incentivization framework effectively aggregates EV adjustable power

reduces PV power deviation penalties

and alleviates the reserve capacity burden of the utility grid.

关键词

Keywords

references

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