Assessment of Equivalent Inertia and Primary Frequency Regulation of Power Systems Considering Power Reserve Limits of Inverter-based Resources

Yu Shan; Huisheng Gao; Jialiang Wu; Linbin Huang; Zhen Wang; Huanhai Xin

doi:10.35833/MPCE.2025.000535

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Assessment of Equivalent Inertia and Primary Frequency Regulation of Power Systems Considering Power Reserve Limits of Inverter-based Resources

Original Paper | 更新时间：2026-09-28

- Assessment of Equivalent Inertia and Primary Frequency Regulation of Power Systems Considering Power Reserve Limits of Inverter-based Resources
- Assessment of Equivalent Inertia and Primary Frequency Regulation of Power Systems Considering Power Reserve Limits of Inverter-based Resources
- MPCE 2026年14卷第5期页码：1585-1596
- 作者机构：
  
  College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- 作者简介：
  
  Yu Shan received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China, in 2020, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 2025. In 2023, he was a Visiting Student with Imperial College London, London, UK. He is currently with Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Fujian Electric Power Co., Ltd., Fujian, China. His research interests include power system frequency stability and control of inverter-based resources. email: yshan@zju.edu.cn
  Huisheng Gao received the B.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 2017 and 2022, respectively. Currently, he is a Postdoctoral Researcher with the College of Electrical Engineering at Zhejiang University. His research interests include stability analysis and control of new power systems. Email:gaohuisheng@zju.edu.cn
  Jialiang Wu received the B.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from the College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 2018 and 2024, respectively. He is currently working at the Zhejiang Energy R&D Institute Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China. His research interests include power system frequency stability analysis and control of renewable energy and voltage source converter-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission. Email:11810035@zju.edu.cn
  Linbin Huang received the B.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 2015 and 2020, respectively. Currently, he is a ZJU100 Young Professor at Zhejiang University. From 2020 to 2024, he was with ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, where he was a Postdoctoral Researcher and then promoted to a Senior Scientist. His research interests include power system stability, optimal control of power electronics, and data-driven control. Email:hlinbin@zju.edu.cn
  Zhen Wang received the B.Eng., M.Eng., and Ph.D. degrees from Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, in 1998, 2001, and 2009, respectively. He is currently a Full-time Professor and the Director of the Institute of Power and Energy Integration & Intelligence, Zhejiang University. His research interests include power system stability and control, renewable energy integration, and VSC-HVDC transmission. Email:eezwang@ieee.org
  Huanhai Xin received the Ph.D. degree in the College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, in 2007. He was a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA, from June 2009 to July 2010. He is currently a Professor in the College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University. His research interests include power system stability analysis and control of power systems with renewable energy. Email:xinhh@zju.edu.cn
- 基金信息：
  
  Smart Grid National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD0801400);Science and Technology Projects of State Grid Corporation of China(52272224000V)
- DOI：10.35833/MPCE.2025.000535
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2025-06-11，
  
  修回：2025-10-07，
  
  录用：2025-11-11，
  
  纸质出版：2026-09-15
- 稿件说明：
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Yu Shan, Huisheng Gao, Jialiang Wu, 等. Assessment of Equivalent Inertia and Primary Frequency Regulation of Power Systems Considering Power Reserve Limits of Inverter-based Resources[J]. MPCE, 2026,14(5):1585-1596.

Shan Yu,Gao Huisheng,Wu Jialiang,et al.Assessment of Equivalent Inertia and Primary Frequency Regulation of Power Systems Considering Power Reserve Limits of Inverter-based Resources[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2026,14(05):1585-1596.
Yu Shan, Huisheng Gao, Jialiang Wu, 等. Assessment of Equivalent Inertia and Primary Frequency Regulation of Power Systems Considering Power Reserve Limits of Inverter-based Resources[J]. MPCE, 2026,14(5):1585-1596. DOI： 10.35833/MPCE.2025.000535.

Shan Yu,Gao Huisheng,Wu Jialiang,et al.Assessment of Equivalent Inertia and Primary Frequency Regulation of Power Systems Considering Power Reserve Limits of Inverter-based Resources[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2026,14(05):1585-1596. DOI： 10.35833/MPCE.2025.000535.

摘要

Abstract

Assessments of equivalent inertia and primary frequency regulation (PFR) are critical for evaluating frequency stability in modern power systems. Traditional methods typically aggregate the contributions of all generation units or rely on system identification during disturbances. However

these methods may yield inaccurate or incomplete results in systems with a high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs)

as IBRs may reach their power reserve limits (PRLs) and fail to provide the expected frequency support. To overcome this limitation

this paper proposes an assessment method of equivalent inertia and PFR of power systems considering PRLs of IBRs. In addition

dead zones and control delays are incorporated to further enhance the accuracy of the assessment. Based on the assessment results

an optimal parameter-setting approach for equivalent inertia and PFR is then developed. Notably

the theoretical optimal settings are generally difficult to achieve in practice

implying that conventional parameter settings may lead to significantly lower equivalent inertia than expected. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through time-domain simulations.

关键词

Keywords

references

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