Most of the landslide rock and soil masses undergo cutting and fragmentation during movement

and the entry of the fragmented sliding mass into the river significantly affects the characteristics of the resulting impulse waves. The wave-making effect of the fragmented sliding mass still needs further exploration. Based on large-scale three-dimensional landslide impulse wave scale physical experiments

physical experiments were conducted to investigate the generation of impulse waves from landslides under varying degrees of sliding mass fragmentation

and the wave-making effect of the fragmented sliding mass was analyzed. The results indicate that as the degree of fragmentation of the sliding mass increases

the first peak

maximum wave height

and propagation velocity of the impulse wave all exhibit a decreasing trend. Specifically

as the degree of fragmentation increases

the maximum amplitude of the impulse wave decreases by 8.84% and 19.75%

respectively

and the maximum wave height of the first wave decreases by 12.49% and 21.13%

respectively. Through experimental observations

it is evident that the degree of fragmentation of the sliding mass primarily influences the characteristics of the impulse wave by controlling the velocity of the sliding mass and the interaction process between the sliding mass and the water body. Based on the sliding mass-water interaction

three mechanisms are proposed: sliding mass structure reorganization

seepage flow

and impulse wave attenuation. These new insights reveal the characteristics of landslide movement

fragmentation

and wave-making

and deepen our understanding of the formation mechanism of landslide impulse waves.