To study the shear characteristics of rubber-sand mixtures

the effects of four rubber-sand mixtures gradations (one type of gap gradation

two types of continuous gradations

and one type of open gradation)

three rubber contents (10%

30%

and 60%)

and three vertical stresses (30 kPa

60 kPa

and 90 kPa) on the strength characteristics and volumetric change characteristics of rubber-sand mixtures were investigated by using a laboratory large-scale direct shear apparatus; and based on the laboratory direct shear test

the discrete element numerical models of pure sand and rubber-sand mixtures were established according to the same gradation and rubber content. The intrinsic mechanical mechanism of rubber-sand mixtures was explored from the perspective of particle contact state and displacement. The results show that the shear stress curve of rubber-sand mixtures is the same as that of pure sand at low rubber content

but its shear strength is lower than that of pure sand; the shear stress of rubber-sand mixtures increases with the increase of vertical stress

and the shear strength of continuous gradation SR2 is the highest among the four gradations of rubber-sand mixtures; the admixture of rubber particles can effectively inhibit the dilatancy of sandy soil

among which the gap grade SR1 has the best effect on inhibiting soil dilatancy

and the dilatancyis reduced by 37% compared with that of pure sand. The internal friction angle of rubber-sand mixtures decreases with the increase of rubber content

and the internal friction angle of continuous gradation SR2 is the largest under the same rubber content; rubber particles mainly participate in the formation of weak force chain in the rubber-sand mixtures force chain network

and the shear zone width of rubber-sand mixtures is smaller than that of pure sand.