The uniaxial compression and uniaxial cyclic loading and unloading tests were carried out on sandstone

and the variation laws of residual deformation

deformation modulus and lateral expansion coefficient under cyclic loading were obtained. In addition

the evolution laws of the rock input energy

elastic energy

dissipation energy

damping energy

damage energy and other energy indicators were determined. The normalized damage energy was used to characterize the damage evolution of the rock and analyze the failure modes from the macro and micro perspectives. Studies have shown that: under cyclic loading and unloading

the residual deformation exhibits a trend of deceleration-stabilization-acceleration increase. The deformation modulus of sandstone first increases and then decreases

and the lateral expansion coefficient is basically positively correlated with the number of cycles. The input energy

damage energy and the proportion of damage energy to the dissipation energy have the U-shaped distribution. Moreover

a decrease is first observed in the damping energy followed by an increase

and the proportion of damping energy to dissipation energy has the inverted U-shaped distribution. Additionally

the elastic energy generally grows slowly

and the proportion of elastic energy to input energy has the inverted U-shaped distribution. The damping energy increases with the increase of stress ratio

while the proportion of damping energy decreases. The damage of sandstone develops in three stages: deceleration-stabilization-acceleration. The compound failure mode combining shear failure and tension failure in the conjugate inclined plane is generally found in the sandstone

and the failure transforms from unstable damage to failure damage.