Establishing a scientifically sound and operational indicator system is a key measure to implement the “Four Water-based Controls” policy. Taking Ningxia as a case study

this paper analyzes the specific features and policy implications of the “Four Water-based Controls” approach and identifies guiding principles for indicator selection. Based on both rigid constraints and anticipated needs

an indicator system was developed consisting of six primary indicators and 40 secondary indicators. These include dual control of quantity and efficiency

water-based determination of urban development

popula'tion

industry

land use

and water-related ecological conditions. The paper also summarizes Ningxias pioneering experience in piloting and advancing the “Four Water-based Controls” initiative. The findings offer replicable

scalable

and instructive practices that can support nationwide implementation of the policy and promote high-quality development in water resources management.