The economic development of oil and gas reservoirs in the Tarim Basin is challenged by their complex nature and substantial investment costs. This paper primarily summarizes the intricacies of deep oil and gas reservoirs across four dimensions: accumulation conditions

reservoir space types

internal structures

and changes in hydrocarbon composition. It also explores three core issues that hinder efficient utilization

enhanced recovery

and economic growth of these reservoirs

along with proposed countermeasures. To address these challenges effectively

the paper proposes four research directions: ①A prediction method for reservoir characteristics that integrates the processes of near-source generation

transportation

storage

and cap rock formation. ②A quantitative parameter characterization method for identifying deep fractures and preserving caverns. ③A characterization method for differentiating fracture boundaries and assessing their internal connectivity. ④The establishment of a comprehensive life cycle economic evaluation system for ultra-deep domains

alongside differentiated development strategies. These strategies offer valuable suggestions towards achieving efficient development of deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs and ensuring national energy security.