Shallow geothermal energy

with applications ranging from road snow melting and deicing to building heating/cooling

primarily utilizes closed-loop vertical buried pipes for resource exploitation. These pipes function by exchanging heat with the subterranean zone under specific cooling or heating loads. Given the limited capacity of a single vertical ground heat exchanger to harness geothermal resources

arrays of these exchangers are more commonly employed to effectively tap into shallow geothermal resources. However

the underground temperature field can be significantly affected by the heat exchange process between the ground heat exchanger array and the surrounding soil. Improper design and operational conditions can lead to an imbalance in the underground temperature field

potentially resulting in energy deficiencies and the malfunctioning of Ground Source Heat Pump Systems（GSHPS）. Therefore

optimizing the design and operation scheme of ground heat exchanger array is the key to solve the imbalance of underground temperature field. The review summarizes the domestic and foreign research results

outlining various methods for energy storage and removal

incorporating auxiliary heating and cooling sources

and exploring relevant optimization techniques. The borehole array design optimization methods include primarily the distance between the pipe and the borehole layout. The energy storage/removal section mainly introduces the latest research results of borehole heat exchanger array by using external heat/cold sources such as solar energy and industrial waste heat. The auxiliary method mainly describes the latest researches on the application of resources like solar energy and heating towers. The operation control strategy mainly analyzes the operation control of the ground source heat pump system

including the peak cooling and heating load operation

intermittent operation

partition operation

system control strategy

etc. By thoroughly examining these optimization approaches and operational control strategies

the review provides a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme. This detailed evaluation serves as a valuable reference for improving the energy efficiency of GSHPS

ensuring sustainable and effective utilization of shallow geothermal resources.