Under the strategic objectives of "dual-carbon

" traditional electrical insulation materials are facing increasing challenges in meeting the demands of modern power systems. With the rapid development of new power systems

these materials struggle to satisfy high proportion renewable energy and green

low-carbon power systems in terms of environmental compatibility

functional adaptability

and sustainability. Consequently

the development of novel electrical insulation materials that exhibit high performance

eco-friendly

smart

and enhanced reliability has become a critical technical challenge in the power industry. This paper systematically reviews recent advancements in smart and eco-friendly electrical insulation materials across solid

liquid

and gaseous phases. The key research topics include self-healing

recyclable

degradable

self-reporting

and self-clearing solid insulation materials; renewable and biodegradable liquid insulation materials; and high-performance

low-carbon

and environmentally sustainable gas insulation materials. Furthermore

this review provides an in-depth analysis of the significance and underlying mechanisms of molecular structure design

dynamic cross-linking strategies

network structure engineering

nanoparticle doping

theoretical model predictions and controlled degradation in achieving smart and sustainable insulation materials. The challenges and limitations currently faced in the development of smart and eco-friendly electrical insulation materials are also summarized. Finally

potential future research directions are proposed

offering theoretical foundations and technical references to support the safe

efficient

and low-carbon development of power systems.