Among the various available plasma technologies

the DC arc plasma torch is particularly noteworthy for its insensitivity to the environment

high efficiency

and mobility within the reaction chamber. This review aims to provide a rigorous and systematic analysis of contemporary advancements in global multiphysics numerical simulation techniques applied to DC arc plasma torches

offering insights into both theoretical and practical developments. The study begins by exploring the numerical simulation methodologies employed to model the complex internal plume dynamics within DC arc plasma torches. Specifically

it evaluates both 2D and 3D simulation frameworks

developed under varied physical assumptions

and critically assesses their respective advantages and limitations. These methodologies provide essential insights into heat transfer

flow behavior

and the underlying plasma characteristics. Subsequently

the review transitions to analyzing the turbulent flow properties of the torch's external jet. It systematically compares various numerical models and turbulence frameworks

highlighting their efficacy in capturing the intricate interactions between the external plasma jet and surrounding environments. The interplay between the DC arc and electrodes represents another critical focus of this review. A comprehensive evaluation of theoretical and practical approaches to characterizing arc-electrode interactions is conducted

with particular emphasis on the thermal non-equilibrium phenomena

such as arc root reattachment. State-of-the-art numerical models

which incorporate coupled thermo-electromagnetic effects

are reviewed to shed light on these interactions. Finally

the limitations and challenges of current numerical simulation models are critically examined. In conclusion

this article presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and identifies prospective directions for future investigation in the numerical simulation of DC arc plasma torches. By synthesizing existing knowledge and pinpointing unresolved challenges

this review seeks to advance the understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms and provide a valuable resource for researchers seeking to optimize plasma torch performance.