西班牙4·28大停电事故分析及对中国电力发展的启示

王涉; 梁双; 刘斯伟; 黄铃惠

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011

欢迎来到能源电力期刊网！

English Version 读者登录期刊登录

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

西班牙4·28大停电事故分析及对中国电力发展的启示

新型电网 | 更新时间：2025-12-20

- 西班牙4·28大停电事故分析及对中国电力发展的启示
- Analysis of the Spain 4·28 Major Power Blackout and Its Implications on China's Power Development
- 中国电力 2025年58卷第11期页码：146-155
- 作者机构：
  
  中国国际工程咨询有限公司,北京,100048
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  国家高端智库重点课题项目（社科工作办通字〔2025〕12号）。
- DOI：10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011
  中图分类号：
- 网络出版：2025-12-01，
  
  纸质出版：2025-12-01
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
王涉, 梁双, 刘斯伟, 黄铃惠. 西班牙4·28大停电事故分析及对中国电力发展的启示[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(11): 146-155.

WANG She, LIANG Shuang, LIU Siwei, et al. Analysis of the Spain 4·28 Major Power Blackout and Its Implications on China's Power Development[J]. 2025, 58(11): 146-155.
王涉, 梁双, 刘斯伟, 黄铃惠. 西班牙4·28大停电事故分析及对中国电力发展的启示[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(11): 146-155. DOI： 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011.

WANG She, LIANG Shuang, LIU Siwei, et al. Analysis of the Spain 4·28 Major Power Blackout and Its Implications on China's Power Development[J]. 2025, 58(11): 146-155. DOI： 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011.

摘要

2025年4月28日西班牙突发全国性大停电，波及葡萄牙、法国、比利时等国家，停电人口超过5000万人，其中西班牙与葡萄牙电网分别损失约55%和98%的负荷，持续时间26 h，直接经济损失超过200亿欧元。首先，介绍了西班牙电力系统的电源、电网和负荷概况，梳理了事故前系统运行状态、事故发生过程和恢复过程，分析了停电事故的直接原因和深层原因；然后，结合近年来全球发生的多起大停电事故，剖析了高比例新能源系统安全运行面临的“高波动、易振荡、弱支撑、难恢复”四重风险；最后，结合中国电力系统实际，提出了建设新型电力系统的相关措施建议。

Abstract

On April 28

2025

a nationwide blackout occurred in Spain

affecting Portugal

France

Belgium and other countries with a population of more than 50 million

of which Spain and Portugal lost about 55% and 98% of the load respectively. The event lasted for 26 hours

resulting in direct economic losses exceeding €20 billion. This paper begins by outlining the composition of the power system

covering its generation grid

and load profiles. It then details the pre-incident operational status

the process of blackout itself

and the restoration process

followed by an analysis of both the direct and root causes. By examining this event alongside other major global blackouts in recent years

the paper identifies four key risks to the secure operation of the power systems with a high penetration of renewable energy: "high volatility

susceptibility to oscillations

weak system support

and difficult restoration". Finally

based on the reality of China's power system

the paper proposes relevant measures and recommendations for building a new type of power system.

关键词

Keywords

references

1International Renewable Energy Agency. Renewable Capacity Statistics 2025[R]. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency, 2025.

2International Energy Agency. Global Energy Review 2025[R]. Paris: International Energy Agency, 2025.

3孙华东. 国外大停电事故分析[M]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2022.

4TORTA J M, MARSAL S, LEDO J, et al. New detailed modeling of GICs in the Spanish power transmission grid[J]. Space Weather, 2021, 19 (9): 1- 17. DOI

5Government of Spain, National Security Council, 428 Commission for the Analysis of Situations Related to the Electricity Crisis. Non-confidential version of the report of the Commission for the Analysis of Situations Related to the Electricity Crisis dated 28 April 2025[R]. Madrid: Government of Spain, 2025.

7Ministry of Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenges of Spain. Order on technical conditions for grid connection of new energy power generation facilities: TED/749/2020[S]. Madrid: Official Gazette of Spain, 2020.

8屠竞哲, 何剑, 安学民, 等. 巴基斯坦“2023.1. 23”大停电事故分析及启示[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43 (14): 5319- 5329.

TU Jingzhe, HE Jian, AN Xuemin, et al. Analysis and lessons of Pakistan blackout event on January 23, 2023[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43 (14): 5319- 5329.

9European Committee for Electrical Standardization. Requirements for parallel access of power generation equipment to the distribution grid Part 1: Low voltage distribution grid access above 16A: EN 50549-1: 2019[S]. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization, 2019.

10李琳, 冀鲁豫, 张一驰, 等. 巴基斯坦“1·9”大停电事故初步分析及启示[J]. 电网技术, 2022, 46 (2): 655- 663.

LI Lin, JI Luyu, ZHANG Yichi, et al. Preliminary analysis and lessons of blackout in Pakistan power grid on January 9, 2021[J]. Power System Technology, 2022, 46 (2): 655- 663.

11林伟芳, 易俊, 郭强, 等. 阿根廷“6.16”大停电事故分析及对中国电网的启示[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2020, 40 (9): 2835- 2841.

LIN Weifang, YI Jun, GUO Qiang, et al. Analysis on blackout in Argentine power grid on June 16, 2019 and its enlightenment to power grid in China[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2020, 40 (9): 2835- 2841.

12孙华东, 许涛, 郭强, 等. 英国“8·9”大停电事故分析及对中国电网的启示[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2019, 39 (21): 6183- 6192.

SUN Huadong, XU Tao, GUO Qiang, et al. Analysis on blackout in Great Britain power grid on August 9th, 2019 and its enlightenment to power grid in China[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2019, 39 (21): 6183- 6192.

13张玥, 谢光龙, 张全, 等. 美国得州2·15大停电事故分析及对中国电力发展的启示[J]. 中国电力, 2021, 54 (4): 192- 198, 206.

ZHANG Yue, XIE Guanglong, ZHANG Quan, et al. Analysis of 2·15 power outage in Texas and its implications for the power sector of China[J]. Electric Power, 2021, 54 (4): 192- 198, 206.

14安学民, 孙华东, 张晓涵, 等. 美国得州“2.15”停电事件分析及启示[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41 (10): 3407- 3415, 3666.

AN Xuemin, SUN Huadong, ZHANG Xiaohan, et al. Analysis and lessons of Texas power outage event on February 15, 2021[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41 (10): 3407- 3415, 3666.

15王国春, 董昱, 许涛, 等. 巴西“8.15”大停电事故分析及启示[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43 (24): 9461- 9470.

WANG Guochun, DONG Yu, XU Tao, et al. Analysis and lessons of Brazil blackout event on August 15, 2023[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43 (24): 9461- 9470.

16何剑, 屠竞哲, 孙为民, 等. 美国加州“8·14”、“8·15”停电事件初步分析及启示[J]. 电网技术, 2020, 44 (12): 4471- 4478.

HE Jian, TU Jingzhe, SUN Weimin, et al. Preliminary analysis and lessons of California power outage events on August 14 and 15, 2020[J]. Power System Technology, 2020, 44 (12): 4471- 4478.

17孙为民, 张一驰, 张晓涵, 等. 欧洲大陆同步电网“1·8”解列事故分析及启示[J]. 电网技术, 2021, 45 (7): 2630- 2637.

SUN Weimin, ZHANG Yichi, ZHANG Xiaohan, et al. Analysis and lessons of disconnection accident of synchronous power grid in continental European area(on January 8, 2021)[J]. Power System Technology, 2021, 45 (7): 2630- 2637.

18李保杰, 李进波, 李洪杰, 等. 土耳其“3.31”大停电事故的分析及对我国电网安全运行的启示[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2016, 36 (21): 5788- 5795, 6021.

LI Baojie, LI Jinbo, LI Hongjie, et al. Analysis of Turkish blackout on March 31, 2015 and lessons on China power grid[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2016, 36 (21): 5788- 5795, 6021.

19汤涌, 卜广全, 易俊. 印度“7.30”、“7.31”大停电事故分析及启示[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2012, 32 (25): 167- 174, 23.

TANG Yong, BU Guangquan, YI Jun. Analysis and lessons of the blackout in Indian power grid on July 30 and 31, 2012[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2012, 32 (25): 167- 174, 23.

20胡源, 薛松, 张寒, 等. 近30年全球大停电事故发生的深层次原因分析及启示[J]. 中国电力, 2021, 54 (10): 204- 210.

HU Yuan, XUE Song, ZHANG Han, et al. Cause analysis and enlightenment of global blackouts in the past 30 years[J]. Electric Power, 2021, 54 (10): 204- 210.

21梁双, 严超, 厉瑜, 等. 电力系统应对极端天气自然灾害存在的薄弱环节及对策建议[J]. 中国工程咨询, 2022 (9): 27- 31.

LIANG Shuang. YAN Chao, LI Yu, et al. Weak links and countermeasures for power systems in response to extreme weather and natural disasters[J]. China Engineering Consulting, 2022 (9): 27- 31.

22余希瑞, 周林, 郭珂, 等. 含新能源发电接入的电力系统低频振荡阻尼控制研究综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37 (21): 6278- 6290.

YU Xirui, ZHOU Lin, GUO Ke, et al. A survey on low frequency oscillation damping control in power system integrated with new energy power generation[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37 (21): 6278- 6290.

23武倩羽, 黄永章, 周莹坤, 等. 新能源同步机并网系统的阻尼特性[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2019, 43 (15): 80- 86, 151.

WU Qianyu, HUANG Yongzhang, ZHOU Yingkun, et al. Damping characteristics of synchronous motor-generator pair system for integration of new energy[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2019, 43 (15): 80- 86, 151.

24李明节. 大规模特高压交直流混联电网特性分析与运行控制[J]. 电网技术, 2016, 40 (4): 985- 991.

LI Mingjie. Characteristic analysis and operational control of large-scale hybrid UHV AC/DC power grids[J]. Power System Technology, 2016, 40 (4): 985- 991.

25陈国平, 李明节, 许涛, 等. 我国电网支撑可再生能源发展的实践与挑战[J]. 电网技术, 2017, 41 (10): 3095- 3103.

CHEN Guoping, LI Mingjie, XU Tao, et al. Practice and challenge of renewable energy development based on interconnected power grids[J]. Power System Technology, 2017, 41 (10): 3095- 3103.

26刘玉田, 王洪涛, 叶华. 电力系统恢复理论与技术[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2014.

27辛保安, 李明节, 贺静波, 等. 新型电力系统安全防御体系探究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43 (15): 5723- 5732.

XIN Baoan, LI Mingjie, HE Jingbo, et al. Research on security defense system of new power system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43 (15): 5723- 5732.

28潘小海, 梁双, 张茗洋. 碳达峰碳中和背景下电力系统安全稳定运行的风险挑战与对策研究[J]. 中国工程咨询, 2021 (8): 37- 42.

PAN Xiaohai, LIANG Shuang, ZHANG Mingyang. Research on risk challenges and countermeasures for the safe and stable operation of power systems under the background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality[J]. China Engineering Consulting, 2021 (8): 37- 42.

29张智刚, 康重庆. 碳中和目标下构建新型电力系统的挑战与展望[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2022, 42 (8): 2806- 2819.

ZHANG Zhigang, KANG Chongqing. Challenges and prospects for constructing the new-type power system towards a carbon neutrality future[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42 (8): 2806- 2819.

30梁双, 王涉, 徐辉. 中国西电东送40年发展成效与政策建议[J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57 (11): 88- 93.

LIANG Shuang, WANG She, XU Hui. Development achievements and policy suggestions of China's west to east power transmission for 40 years[J]. Electric Power, 2024, 57 (11): 88- 93.

31梁双, 王涉, 谢千, 等. 沙漠、戈壁、荒漠地区大型风光基地建设重点问题研究[J]. 中国工程咨询, 2023 (1): 71- 75.

LIANG Shuang, WANG She, XIE Qian, et al. Research on key issues in the construction of large-scale wind and solar power bases in desert, gobi and arid regions[J]. China Engineering Consulting, 2023 (1): 71- 75.

32董武, 张健, 周勤勇, 等. 中国电力系统安全稳定性演化综述[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58 (1): 115- 127.

DONG Wu, ZHANG Jian, ZHOU Qinyong, et al. An overview of the evolution of security and stability of China's power system[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58 (1): 115- 127.

浏览量

下载量

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

提交

工具集

关联资源

国外高比例新能源消纳分析及对中国新能源可持续发展的建议

基于多面体不确定集合的电力系统灵活性量化评估方法

用于新能源一次调频的储能经济配置研究

国外新能源高占比电力系统电力供应保障措施及启示