This paper presents a systematic review of recent advances in thermophotovoltaic systems

exploring their potential to improve energy conversion efficiency and electrical stability. Thermophotovoltaic systems offer a distinct approach to energy utilization by converting thermal energy into electricity covering their detailed components

including the heat source

emitter

filter

thermophotovoltaic cell

and structural features. First

the characteristics and application prospects of different types of heat sources

such as combustion

solar energy

radioisotopes

near-field

waste heat

and thermal storage

are analyzed. Subsequently

the selection of emitter materials

the design of filters

and the type and optimization of thermophotovoltaic cells are investigated

with particular emphasis on the importance of spectral selectivity in improving system efficiency. Key challenges identified include emitter durability at temperatures above 1500°C

the persistent gap between cell-level (>40%) and system-level (<15%) efficiencies

and the lack of standardized performance evaluation protocols. Finally

the efficiency of thermophotovoltaic systems is evaluated

and future development trends are discussed. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the technological development of thermophotovoltaic systems and identifies the key challenges in achieving industrialization and commercialization.