Energy storage is a major challenge in electric vehicle development due to battery technology differences. This paper provides a comprehensive review of battery technologies categorized into three generations: past

current

and future. We systematically compare and evaluate battery technologies using seven key performance parameters: energy density

power density

self-discharge rate

life cycle

charge–discharge efficiency

operating range

and overcharge tolerance. A critical and comparative analysis of battery technologies was conducted using quantitative data from existing literature. Our analysis reveals that Ni-based batteries surpassed lead-acid technologies in past generations

while current-generation lithium-ion (LiFePO4

LiNiMnCoO2) cells dominate

with energy densities up to 220 Wh/kg and cycle lives exceeding 2000 cycles. Future technologies

such as Na-ion and solid-state batteries

show promise

offering higher energy efficiency and improved resource sustainability. In addition to performance comparison

this review integrates real-world case studies of battery and battery management system innovations from leading manufacturers such as Tesla

BYD

and Hyundai. The practical applications of patented battery management system technologies

such as thermal regulation

state-of-health estimation

and range optimization

are highlighted for their role in ensuring electric vehicle safety and reliability and extending the battery lifecycle. This paper also highlights recent advancements in battery recycling techniques (chemical and direct recycling) and the role of the battery management system in improving safety

thermal regulation

and extending battery lifespan. This paper further examines key constraints in electric vehicle battery development

encompassing techno-economic barriers

environmental impacts

and regional policy. This paper recommends selecting the most suitable battery technology for various electric vehicle transportation applications using the technique of order of preference based on the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution. The multi-criteria decision-making methodology is based on these seven parameters. Ultimately

this paper is a useful guide to assist researchers in gaining insight into the latest developments in battery technologies and battery management system for the efficient operation of electric vehicles.