Iron-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalysts play a crucial role in coal-to-chemicals conversion

owing to their cost-effectiveness

adaptability to coal-derived syngas

and flexibility in producing olefins and oxygenates. Nevertheless

significant challenges remain

including catalyst stability issues

high CO₂ emissions

and deactivation caused by phase transformation

sintering

and coking. The objective of this review is to systematically investigate the recent progress and optimization strategies for iron-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalysts within the framework of green and low-carbon goals. Multiple approaches have been explored

such as hydrophobic modification strategies like SiO₂ encapsulation and graphene coating

confinement architectures involving carbon-based materials and zeolites

promoter engineering

pure-phase carbide synthesis

and regeneration methods including H₂ reduction and oxidation–reduction. Hydrophobic modification strategies have successfully reduced CO₂ selectivity to below 5% and enhanced catalyst stability under harsh conditions. Confinement architectures physically impede particle migration. Promoter engineering improves stability and lowers CO₂ selectivity

with elements like manganese

cobalt

and boron stabilizing iron carbide phases and reducing coke formation through structural and electronic modulation

while sodium

magnesium

etc.

effectively decrease CO₂ selectivity. Pure-phase carbide synthesis eliminates Fe₃O₄-related CO₂ emissions

achieving a 5% selectivity under near-industrial conditions. Regeneration methods can restore up to 53.4% of the catalyst activity

yet they face compatibility limitations in slurry-bed systems. The diverse optimization strategies presented demonstrate great potential in enhancing the performance of iron-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalysts

addressing key bottlenecks and highlighting their significance for sustainable coal utilization. Future research efforts should concentrate on integrating renewable hydrogen to reduce dependence on the water–gas shift reaction

promoting operando characterization to decipher dynamic phase evolution

and formulating circular regeneration protocols that align with global decarbonization policies. These steps will help balance resource efficiency and environmental protection during the transition to low-carbon energy systems.