High-penetration renewable energy systems (HPRES) are characterized by the extensive deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs)

such as the grid-side independent storage

consumer-side distributed storage

and the combination of consumer-side distributed storage with distributed photovoltaics and wind turbines. Additionally

numerous DERs interacting with the grid significantly vary the operating characteristics of the grid. These changes introduce significant complexity in the analysis of carbon emissions

thereby necessitating advanced methodologies to accurately capture and manage the impact of these DERs on the overall carbon footprint of the power system. This study presents a novel methodology for accurately quantifying the distribution of carbon emissions in power systems comprising DERs. To the underlying concept of this approach is the quantification of the carbon emission characteristics

which is achieved by analysing the carbon emission intensity specific to various DERs. We further analyse the impact of these entities on the flow of electricity carbon emissions. To comprehensively address these dynamics

we develop a bidirectional electricity carbon emission flow model corresponding to the unique attributes of the emerging HPRES. To demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of the proposed approach

we perform a simulation based on the modified IEEE 39-bus system

along with a comparison with the original carbon-emission flow model. The findings of this study contribute significantly to research on the demand response

power grid planning

and low-carbon operations.