In order to understand the failure modes and impacts of high temperature for lead-carbon battery（LCB） on positive electrodes

we carried out the electrochemical tests to investigate the impacts of temperature

Moreover

after analyzing the teardown LCB

we employed characterization and analysis of X ray diffraction

scanning electron microscope and energy disperse spectroscopy to investigate the failure modes and mechanisms on positive electrode. The result shows that

after 500 cycles

the capacity retention is 90% under the temperature of 40 ℃

which is much higher than that of 50 ℃ and 60 ℃. The teardown analysis shows that the content of α-PbO

2

in the newly made positive electrode is 14.55% and

<

1% in the failed one. Meanwhile

the content of oxygen in the failed positive grid increases by 10%. Therefore

the conversion from α-PbO

2

to β-PbO

2

in positive active material and positive grid corrosion are the two major reasons for positive electrode failure. And the temperature below 40 ℃ does not have much damage to LCB

the temperature over 50 ℃ high temperature significantly aggravates grid corrosion and then the positive electrode fails. In daily application

more attention should be paid to the temperature control of the battery

modification of positive active material and positive grid

and these measures can suppress the failure modes effectively.