Abstract: As a core component of the power system, large oil-immersed transformers pose a serious threat to the safe and stable operation of power grid due to the high-energy failures inside them, which can lead to tank ruptures and explosive combustion incidents. In this paper, the structural characteristics and mechanical properties weaknesses of large oil-immersed transformer oil tanks are summarized, and structural reinforcement and optimization measures for the tank sidewalls, welds, and areas of localized stress concentration are outlined. The welding methods for transformer oil tanks and the measures for improving welding processes are analyzed, while welding structural defects and welding deformations under different welding techniques are discussed. Research directions for welding optimization are proposed. Mainstream energy-absorbing materials, including foam aluminum and honeycomb aluminum, along with their current applications, are introduced. Research progress on the flexibility of oil tank structures is summarized, and the application potential of energy-absorbing materials in the field of oil tank explosion protection is explored, highlighting the promising prospects of these materials in this area. Based on the reliability of operating equipment and cost factors, the advantages and disadvantages of existing pressure relief technologies are summarized, and the optimization design direction for pressure relief devices is analyzed. Based on the aforementioned analysis, this study proposes a coordinated "prevent-buffer-release" technical approach for explosion protection, aiming to provide references for the further development and improvement of explosion-proof technology of large oil-immersed transformer oil tanks.