Abstract: Electric meteorology has developed with the advancement of power systems and meteorology. Along with China's active response to address global climate change and advance energy transition, accelerating the establishment of electric meteorology as an emerging discipline is both a practical need for the construction of a new type of power system and a requirement for scientific and technological innovation. This paper views electric meteorology as an interdisciplinary field that studies the interaction between meteorological conditions and power systems, as well as their application methods. It explores the definition and application of electric meteorology and systematically reviews its development since the 19th century. With the development of a new type of power system, the current needs and technical challenges of electric meteorology are summarized, and several important research directions are identified, including fundamental theory, situation-aware environmental monitoring, customized forecasting, disaster warning, power supply assurance, and applications of artificial intelligence. These research directions provide references for deepening the application of electric meteorology and supporting the high-quality development of a new type of power system.