Abstract: The construction of new power systems is the key solution to realize the carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets and energy transformation. With the deepening revolution of the energy structure, the power system structure and characteristics will also experience profound changes. The existing technology cannot satisfy the requirements of ensuring power supply, grid security and energy consumption in the whole stage of energy transformation, and therefore, the construction of the new power systems faces a series of challenges. This paper briefly introduces the energy and power scenarios under the “dual carbon” target, systematically analyzes the challenges of sufficiency, security, economy and institutional mechanisms facing by the new power systems, and puts forward key technologies. Finally, compared with the existing power systems, this paper summarizes the main innovations of the new power systems.