Abstract: Aiming at the problems of low power and unstable output of microbial fuel cells,a maximum power point tracking control algorithm with a mixture of firefly optimization and fuzzy modified perturb ＆ observe（P＆O）is proposed. Using the global optimization ability of dual-species firefly optimization algorithm and the logic reasoning ability of fuzzy control,more accurate control signals are generated,and the equivalent load is dynamically adjusted through a Boost converter. The results show that the maximum power point tracking algorithm based on dual species firefly optimization mixed with fuzzy modified perturb ＆ observe can track and stabilize at the maximum power point at a faster speed,reduce the steady-state error,suppress power oscillation,enhance the anti-interference ability,and significantly improve the power generation capacity and power supply quality of microbial fuel cells.