Abstract: With the continuous advancement of oil and gas exploration, the reserves of medium-shallow reservoirs are gradually decreasing, as a result of which deep-layer oil and gas development has become a critical strategic direction for China’s energy succession. However, deep drilling operations are subjected to the high-temperature and ultra-high-temperature environments, which can induce failures in drilling fluids, drilling tools, and logging-while-drilling equipment, thereby severely compromising operational safety and efficiency. To address the multiple challenges posed by high temperatures, wellbore cooling technology has emerged as a focal point in the research and development of deep drilling technologies. By lowering the borehole temperature, this technology can improve drilling fluid performance, ensure equipment stability and extend service life of critical components. This review summarizes latest advancements in the research of wellbore cooling, involving drilling fluid cooling technologies, wellbore thermal insulation techniques, and drill pipe thermal insulation technologies, and further systematically analyzes their working principles, application scenarios, cooling effects and mechanisms. Additionally, the challenges and future development directions of these technologies are explored in depth, aiming to provide technical references for safe and efficient deep drilling operations and support the sustainable development of deep oil and gas resources.