Abstract: An experiment of summer land surface temperature（LST） observation on dunes in the Taklimakan Desert（TD） was conducted to provide a scientific basis for the study of environmental land surface processes in the TD. Eight LST observation sites were established along the bottom, middle,upper and top of the windward and leeward sides of the dune and the valleys between the dunes from June 7 to September 2, 2019 in the TD. The results shows that:（1）In summer, the highest LST appears in the valleys between the dunes, which is 74.63 ℃, and the lowest LST appears at the bottom of the dune windward sides, which is 10.52 ℃. The LST reaches its lowest at approximately 07:00 and its highest at approximately 15:00 during the day.（2）The average daily variation curve of LST on sunny, cloudy and dusty days presents a unimodal pattern, while that on precipitation, sand blowing and sandstorm days presents a bimodal pattern. The highest LST and the maximum daily mean value occur in the valleys between the dunes on sunny days, while the lowest LST and the minimum daily mean value occur at the bottom of the dune windward sides on rainy days.（3）The LST difference between the top and bottom of dune in summer ranges from 0 to 18.62 ℃, and the LST difference between the dune windward and leeward sides ranges from 0 to 16.93 ℃. Among them, the range of LST difference between the top of dune and the bottom of dune leeward sides is the largest on sunny days, which is 0-18.62 ℃, while the range of LST difference between the top of dune and the bottom of dune windward sides is the smallest on rainy days, which is 0.01-6.18 ℃. The LST difference between windward sides and leeward sides of dune is the largest on sunny days, which is 0.01-16.93 ℃,and the smallest on rainy days, which is 0.01-4.15 ℃. The variation characteristics of LST in the TD are different under different typical weather types. The difference of LST between the top and bottom of dune, dune windward and the leeward sides is obviously affected by wind and fluctuated dunes.