Abstract: Evaluating the risk and benefit of trichothecenes (TCT) in maize treated by nanosecond pulsed plasma is an important basis for formulating food safety related policies. In this paper, the TCT in maize was treated by nanosecond pulsed plasma discharge for different time, and the degradation rate and fatty acid reduction rate of TCT in maize were calculated. With reference to the BRAFO model, the qualitative risk-benefit assessment of TCT and fatty acids in maize after plasma treatment was carried out. Results showed that the TCT content in maize was significantly reduced by nanosecond pulsed plasma treatment, and the degradation rate of TCT increased gradually with the extension of treatment time. T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) reduced by 39.5%, 34.9%, 69.67% and 54.62%, respectively, after 10 min of treatment. Although the contents of various fatty acids in maize after plasma attenuated treatment have been reduced, the effect of plasma treatment on the contents of various fatty acids in maize is highly low, and the effect is less than 0.05 percent of Dietary Reference Intakes, according to the analysis of the contents of various fatty acids ingestion by maize in Chinese residents' daily diet and the recommended dietary fatty acids amounts of residents. As a result, changes in fatty acid content and their possible health effects can be ignored. This indicates that nanosecond pulsed plasma treatment can significantly reduce TCT in maize, which will effectively reduce the health risks of TCT to the population, and the benefits are significantly greater than the risks.