In response to the seasonal supply-demand mismatch caused by uneven distribution of monthly power generation and differences in user energy consumption
a two-stage capacity allocation model for an integrated energy system with seasonal thermal energy storage is constructed by considering the thermal adaptability of users. Firstly
the comfort characteristics of users in different heating periods are portrayed
and a strategy for dynamic setting of heating temperatures and differentiated assessment of user comfort is proposed
taking into account the influence of user thermal experience. Secondly
considering the economic and environmental costs
a one-stage capacity allocation model is constructed for an integrated energy system with seasonal thermal energy storage
which is solved by a multi-objective particle swarm algorithm under time series reconstruction and generates an annual reference capacity state sequence for seasonal thermal energy storage. Then
a two-stage multi-timescale operation optimization model is developed to study the system operation under different configuration conditions considering the integrated demand response of long and short-term electricity and heat
and ultimately determine the optimal configuration capacity of the system that makes the highest user satisfaction. The model is simulated with examples to verify the feasibility of the proposed model and its solution method.
XU J, WANG R Z, LI Y.A review of available technologies for seasonal thermal energy storage[J]. Solar energy, 2014, 103: 610-638.
LI H R, HOU J, HONG T Z, et al.Energy, economic, and environmental analysis of integration of thermal energy storage into district heating systems using waste heat from data centres[J]. Energy, 2021, 219: 119582.
YAN Z, ZHANG Y M, LIANG R Q, et al.An allocative method of hybrid electrical and thermal energy storage capacity for load shifting based on seasonal difference in district energy planning[J]. Energy, 2020, 207: 118139.
YAO R M, LI B Z, LIU J.A theoretical adaptive model of thermal comfort-adaptive predicted mean vote (aPMV)[J]. Building and environment, 2009, 44(10): 2089-2096.
DU C Q, LI B Z, YU W, et al.Energy flexibility for heating and cooling based on seasonal occupant thermal adaptation in mixed-mode residential buildings[J]. Energy, 2019, 189: 116339.
YAN H Y, YANG L, ZHENG W X, et al.Influence of outdoor temperature on the indoor environment and thermal adaptation in Chinese residential buildings during the heating season[J]. Energy and buildings, 2016, 116: 133-140.
YANG Y X, WANG Z J, ZHOU F Z, et al.Comparison of indoor thermal environments and human thermal responses in Northern and Southern China during winter[J]. Journal of building engineering, 2024, 82: 108131.
LIU X R, HOU M, SUN S L, et al.Multi-time scale optimal scheduling of integrated electricity and district heating systems considering thermal comfort of users: an enhanced-interval optimization method[J]. Energy, 2022, 254: 124311.
ROHLES F H JR. Thermal sensations of sedentary man in moderate temperatures[J]. Human factors, 1971, 13(6): 553-560.
PAN Z G, GUO Q L, SUN H B.Feasible region method based integrated heat and electricity dispatch considering building thermal inertia[J]. Applied energy, 2017, 192: 395-407.
YANG T R, LIU W, KRAMER G J, et al.Seasonal thermal energy storage: a techno-economic literature review[J]. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2021, 139: 110732.