Multi-phase flow of wind blowing snow and its application in snow hydrology

LI Guang; YU Hongxiang; ZHANG Jie; HUANG Ning

doi:10.7638/kqdlxxb-2021.0036

English Version Journal Login

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Multi-phase flow of wind blowing snow and its application in snow hydrology

更新时间：2026-05-28

- Multi-phase flow of wind blowing snow and its application in snow hydrology
- Vol. 39, Issue 3, Pages: 170-181(2021)
- 作者机构：
  
  1. 兰州大学西部灾害与环境力学教育部重点实验室,兰州,730000
  2. 兰州大学土木工程与力学学院,兰州,730000
  3. 兰州大学大气科学学院,兰州,730000
  4. 洛桑联邦理工学院建筑、土木与环境工程学院,洛桑,瑞士,1015
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.7638/kqdlxxb-2021.0036
  CLC： V211.1+7;P425.6
- Published：2021
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
李广, 于鸿翔, 张洁, 等. 风吹雪多相流运动及其在寒区雪水文中的应用[J]. 空气动力学学报, 2021, 39(3): 170−181.

LI Guang, YU Hongxiang, ZHANG Jie, et al. Multi-phase flow of wind blowing snow and its application in snow hydrology[J]. 2021, 39(3): 170-181.
李广, 于鸿翔, 张洁, 等. 风吹雪多相流运动及其在寒区雪水文中的应用[J]. 空气动力学学报, 2021, 39(3): 170−181. DOI： 10.7638/kqdlxxb-2021.0036

LI Guang, YU Hongxiang, ZHANG Jie, et al. Multi-phase flow of wind blowing snow and its application in snow hydrology[J]. 2021, 39(3): 170-181. DOI： 10.7638/kqdlxxb-2021.0036.

摘要

积雪作为冰冻圈的重要组成部分和地球表面最为活跃的自然要素之一，其分布及时空演化对全球气候变化具有重要的指示和反馈作用。同时，积雪也是中纬度山区主要的淡水资源，其融雪水是北半球地表径流的主要补给之一，对春季融雪径流也具有重要的影响。风吹雪是积雪在风力的作用下沿流向输运的一种常见自然现象，是地表积雪搬运的主要途径之一，是山区积雪再分布的关键驱动力。风吹雪涉及大气湍流边界层与雪颗粒相互作用，具有多相流动、多场耦合和多尺度作用的特点，是一个十分复杂的动力学过程，包含诸多科学热点和难点问题。本文从积雪质能平衡方程出发，介绍了与风吹雪相关的各个物理过程，包括降雪的优先沉降、风吹雪及其升华等对积雪质能平衡过程的影响以及其在寒区水文学中的应用等方面的研究现状及进展，并指出目前我国在雪水文学研究中存在的问题和未来的发展趋势，供读者参考。

Abstract

Snow is an important part of the cryosphere and one of the most active natural elements on the earth's surface. Its distribution and spatial evolution have important indications and feedbacks to global climate change. Moreover

it is also the main freshwater resources in mountainous area of middle-latitude

and the snowmelt is one of the main replenishments of the surface runoff in the northern hemisphere

therefore the distribution of snow cover has an important influence on the spring snowmelt runoff. Wind blowing snow and drifting snow

as the common natural phenomenon that the wind drives snow particles which are transported to the streamwise direction

is one of the main ways to transport surface snow

as well as the critical driving force of snow redistribution in mountainous area. Wind blowing snow involves the interaction between the atmospheric turbulent boundary layer and snow particles. It has the characteristics of multi-phase flow

multi-field coupling and multi-scale effecting

which is a very complex dynamic process

including many scientific hotspots and difficult problems. Starting from the snow mass-energy balance equation

this paper introduces the research progress of the various physical processes of wind-blown snow

including the preferential deposition of snow

wind blowing snow and its sublimation on the snow mass-energy balance process

and its application in hydrology in cold regions. Current problems and future development trends in snow hydrology research in China are discussed

for readers’ reference.

关键词

Keywords

references

WARREN S G. Optical properties of snow[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 1982, 20(1): 67-89. DOI: 10.1029/RG020i001p00067.

ARMSTRON R L, BRUN E. Snow and climate: physical processes, surface energy exchange and modeling[M]. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

OKI T, KANAE S. Global hydrological cycles and world water resources[J]. Science, 2006, 313(5790): 1068-1072. DOI: 10.1126/science.1128845.

BARNETT T P, ADAM J C, LETTENMAIER D P. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions[J]. Nature, 2005, 438(7066): 303-309. DOI: 10.1038/nature04141.

DEEMS J S, FASSNACHT S R, ELDER K J. Fractal distribution of snow depth from lidar data[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2006, 7(2): 285-297. DOI: 10.1175/jhm487.1.

BUTTLE J M. Using a temperature-based model of snow accumulation and melt to assess the long-term hydrologic behaviour of forested headwater basins in south-central Ontario[C]//66th Eastern Snow Conference. Ontario: 2009.

POMEROY J W, MARSH P, GRAY D M.. Application of a distributed blowing snow model to the Arctic[J]. Hydrological Processes, 1997, 11(11): 1451-1464. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199709)11:111451:AID-HYP4493.0.CO;2-Q.

NISHIMURA K, NEMOTO M. Blowing snow at Mizuho station, Antarctica[J]. Philosophical Transactions Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 2005, 363(1832): 1647-1662. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2005.1599.

POMEROY J W, ESSERY R L H. Turbulent fluxes during blowing snow: field tests of model sublimation predictions[J]. Hydrological Processes, 1999, 13(18): 2963-2975. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19991230)13:182963:AID-HYP113.0.CO;2-9.

YANG X, PYLE J A, COX R A. Sea salt aerosol production and bromine release: Role of snow on sea ice[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, 35(16): L16815. DOI: 10.1029/2008GL034536.

FREY M M, NORRIS S J, BROOKS I M, et al. First direct observation of sea salt aerosol production from blowing snow above sea ice[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2020, 20(4): 2549-2578. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-2549-2020.

YANG X, BLECHSCHMIDT A M, BOGNAR K, et al. Pan-Arctic surface ozone: modelling vs. measurements[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2020, 20(24): 15937-15967. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-15937-2020.

WANG H Y, LI Z W. Causes of 2008 snow disaster in China and enlightenment from Japanese emergency system[J]. Journal of Institute of Disaster-Prevention Science and Technology, 2008, 10(2): 47-50. (in Chinese)

LUETSCHG M, STOECKLI V, LEHNING M, et al. Temperatures in two boreholes at Flüela Pass, Eastern Swiss Alps: the effect of snow redistribution on permafrost distribution patterns in high mountain areas[J]. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 2004, 15(3): 283-297. DOI: 10.1002/ppp.500.

ECKERSTORFER M, CHRISTIANSEN H H. Topographical and meteorological control on snow avalanching in the Longyearbyen area, central Svalbard 2006-2009[J]. Geomorphology, 2011, 134(3-4): 186-196. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.07.001.

MELLOR M. A brief review of snow drifting research[J]. Snow Removal and Ice Control Research, 1970, (115): 196-209.

KIND R J. Snowdrifting: a review of modelling methods[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1986, 12(3): 217-228. DOI: 10.1016/0165-232X(86)90036-4.

NAAIM M, NAAIM-BOUVET F, MARTINEZ H. Numerical simulation of drifting snow: erosion and deposition models[J]. Annals of glaciology, 1998, 26: 191-196. DOI: 10.3189/1998AoG26-1-191-196.

CLARK M P, HENDRIKX J, SLATER A G, et al. Representing spatial variability of snow water equivalent in hydrologic and land-surface models: a review[J]. Water Resources Research, 2011, 47(7): W07539. DOI: 10.1029/2011WR010745.

MOTT R, VIONNET V, GRÜNEWALD T. The seasonal snow cover dynamics: review on wind-driven coupling processes[J]. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2018, 6: 197. DOI: 10.3389/feart.2018.00197.

FREUDIGER D, KOHN I, SEIBERT J, et al. Snow redistribution for the hydrological modeling of alpine catchments[J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 2017, 4(5): e1232. DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1232.

BERGERON T. On the low-level redistribution of atmospheric water caused by orography[C]//Conference of Cloud Physics. Tokyo: 1965.

COLLE B A, SMITH R B, WESLEY D A. Theory, observations, and predict ions of orographic precipitation[M ] //Springer Atmospheric Sciences. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012: 291-344. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4098-3_6

STOELINGA M T, STEWART R E, THOMPSON G, et al. Microphysical processes within winter orographic cloud and precipitation systems[M ] // CHOW F K, DE WEKKER S, SNYDER B J, eds. Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting. Springer Atmospheric Sciences. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012: 345-408. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4098-3_7

LEHNING M, LÖWE H, RYSER M, et al. Inhomogeneous precipitation distribution and snow transport in steep terrain[J]. Water Resources Research, 2008, 44(7): W07404. DOI: 10.1029/2007WR006545.

MOTT R, SCIPIÓN D, SCHNEEBELI M, et al. Orographic effects on snow deposition patterns in mountainous terrain[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2014, 119(3): 1419-1439. DOI: 10.1002/2013JD019880.

DORE A J, CHOULARTON T W, FOWLER D, et al. Orographic enhancement of snowfall[J]. Environmental Pollution, 1992, 75(2): 175-179. DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(92)90037-B.

HOUZE R A Jr. Orographic effects on precipitating clouds[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2012, 50(1): RG1001. DOI: 10.1029/2011RG000365.

WANG Z S. Large eddy simulation of the distribution and evolution of snow over complex terrain[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2016. (in Chinese)

WANG Z S, HUANG N. Numerical simulation of the falling snow deposition over complex terrain[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2017, 122(2): 980-1000. DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025316.

GERBER F, LEHNING M, HOCH S W, et al. A close-ridge small-scale atmospheric flow field and its influence on snow accumulation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2017, 122(15): 7737-7754. DOI: 10.1002/2016JD026258.

GERBER F, MOTT R, LEHNING M. The importance of near-surface winter precipitation processes in complex alpine terrain[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019, 20(2): 177-196. DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-18-0055.1.

COMOLA F, GIOMETTO M G, SALESKY S T, et al. Preferential deposition of snow and dust over hills: governing processes and relevant scales[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2019, 124(14): 7951-7974. DOI: 10.1029/2018JD029614.

DINGLE W R, RADOK U W. Antarctic snow drift and mass transport[M]. IASH Publ, 1961.

BUDD W F. The drifting of nonuniform snow Particles[M ] . Studies in Antarctic Meteorology. Washington, D. C. : American Geophysical Union, 2013: 59-70. doi: 10.1029/ar009p0059

KOBAYASHI S. Snow transport by katabatic winds in mizuho camp area, east Antarctica[J]. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Ser II, 1978, 56(2): 130-139. DOI: 10.2151/jmsj1965.56.2_130.

TAKAHASHI S. Characteristics of drifting snow at mizuho station, Antarctica[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 1985, 6: 71-75. DOI: 10.1017/s0260305500010028.

DOVER S E. Numerical modelling of blowing snow[D]. United Kingdom: University of Leeds, 1993.

VAUGHAN D G, MARSHALL G J, CONNOLLEY W M, et al. Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic peninsula[J]. Climatic Change, 2003, 60(3): 243-274. DOI: 10.1023/A:1026021217991.

MANN G W, ANDERSON P S, MOBBS S D. Profile measurements of blowing snow at Halley, Antarctica[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2000, 105(D19): 24491-24508. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900247.

BINTANJA R. Surface heat budget of Antarctic snow and blue ice: Interpretation of spatial and temporal variability[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2000, 105(D19): 24387-24407. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900356.

FÖHN P M B. Snow transport over mountain crests[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 1980, 26(94): 469-480. DOI: 10.3189/s0022143000010984.

PALM S P, YANG Y, SPINHIRNE J D, et al. Satellite remote sensing of blowing snow properties over Antarctica[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2011, 116(D16): D16123. DOI: 10.1029/2011JD015828.

WALTER B, HUWALD H, GEHRING, et al. Radar measurements of blowing snow off a mountain ridge[J]. The Cryosphere, 2020, 14(6): 1779-1794. DOI: 10.5194/tc-14-1779-2020.

NISHIMURA K, YOKOYAMA C, ITO Y, et al. Snow particle speeds in drifting snow[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2014, 119(16): 9901-9913. DOI: 10.1002/2014JD021686.

KIKUCHI T. A wind tunnel study of the aerodynamic roughness associated with drifting snow[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1981, 5(2): 107-118. DOI: 10.1016/0165-232X(81)90045-8.

ARAOKA K, MAENO N. Dynamical behaviors of snow particles in the saltation layer[J]. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research, 1981, 19(10): 253-263.

SCHMIDT D S, SCHMIDT R A, DENT J D. Electrostatic force in blowing snow[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1999, 93(1): 29-45. DOI: 10.1023/A:1002045818907.

SUGIURA K, MAENO N. Wind-tunnel measurements of restitution coefficients and ejection number of snow particles in drifting snow: determination of splash functions[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2000, 95(1): 123-143. DOI: 10.1023/A:1002681026929.

CLIFTON A, RÜEDI J D, LEHNING M. Snow saltation threshold measurements in a drifting-snow wind tunnel[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 2006, 52(179): 585-596. DOI: 10.3189/172756506781828430.

SUGIURA K, NISHIMURA K, MAENO N, et al. Measurements of snow mass flux and transport rate at different particle diameters in drifting snow[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1998, 27(2): 83-89. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-232X(98)00002-0.

SOMMER C G, LEHNING M, FIERZ C. Wind tunnel experiments: saltation is necessary for wind-packing[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 2017, 63(242): 950-958. DOI: 10.1017/jog.2017.53.

SOMMER C G, WEVER N, FIERZ C, et al. Investigation of a wind-packing event in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica[J]. The Cryosphere, 2018, 12(9): 2923-2939. DOI: 10.5194/tc-12-2923-2018.

ZHOU X Y, HU J H, GU M. Wind tunnel test of snow loads on a stepped flat roof using different granular materials[J]. Natural Hazards, 2014, 74(3): 1629-1648. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-014-1296-z.

LÜ X, HUANG N, TONG D. Wind tunnel experiments on natural snow drift[J]. Science China Technological Sciences, 2012, 55(4): 927-938. DOI: 10.1007/s11431-011-4731-3.

KIND R J. A critical examination of the requirements for model simulation of wind-induced erosion/deposition phenomena such as snow drifting[J]. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 1976, 10(3): 219-227. DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(76)90094-9.

DYUNIN A K, KOTLYAKOV V M. Redistribution of snow in the mountains under the effect of heavy snow-storms[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1980, 3(4): 287-294. DOI: 10.1016/0165-232X(80)90035-X.

SCHMIDT R A. Transport rate of drifting snow and the mean wind speed profile[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1986, 34(3): 213-241. DOI: 10.1007/BF00122380.

POMEROY J W, PARVIAINEN J, HEDSTROM N, et al. Coupled modelling of forest snow interception and sublimation[J]. Hydrological Processes, 1998, 12(15): 2317-2337. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199812)12:152317:AID-HYP7993.0.CO;2-X.

NEMOTO M, NISHIMURA K. Numerical simulation of snow saltation and suspension in a turbulent boundary layer[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2004, 109(D18): D18206. DOI: 10.1029/2004JD004657.

ZHANG J, HUANG N. Simulation of snow drift and the effects of snow particles on wind[J]. Modelling and Simulation in Engineering, 2008, 2008: 1-6. DOI: 10.1155/2008/408075.

LISTON G E, STURM M. A snow-transport model for complex terrain[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 1998, 44(148): 498-516. DOI: 10.3189/s0022143000002021.

NAAIM M, NAAIM-BOUVET F, MARTINEZ H. Numerical simulation of drifting snow: erosion and deposition models[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 1998, 26: 191-196. DOI: 10.1017/s0260305500014798.

GROOT ZWAAFTINK C D, DIEBOLD M, HORENDER S, et al. Modelling small-scale drifting snow with a Lagrangian stochastic model based on large-eddy simulations[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2014, 153(1): 117-139. DOI: 10.1007/s10546-014-9934-2.

GAUER P. Blowing and drifting snow in Alpine terrain: numerical simulation and related field measurements[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 1998, 26: 174-178. DOI: 10.1017/s0260305500014762.

NEMOTO M, NISHIMURA K, KOBAYASHI S, et al. Numerical study of the time development of drifting snow and its relation to the spatial development[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 2004, 38: 343-350. DOI: 10.3189/172756404781815202.

DOORSCHOT J J J, LEHNING M. Equilibrium saltation: mass fluxes, aerodynamic entrainment, and dependence on grain properties[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2002, 104(1): 111-130. DOI: 10.1023/A:1015516420286.

HUANG N, WANG Z S. The formation of snow streamers in the turbulent atmosphere boundary layer[J]. Aeolian Research, 2016, 23: 1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.09.002.

COMOLA F, KOK J F, GAUME J, et al. Fragmentation of wind-blown snow crystals[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2017, 44(9): 4195-4203. DOI: 10.1002/2017GL073039.

LI G, WANG Z S, HUANG N. A snow distribution model based on snowfall and snow drifting simulations in mountain area[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2018, 123(14): 7193-7203. DOI: 10.1029/2018JD028434.

WINSTRAL, A, MARKS D. Simulating wind fields and snow redistribution using terrain-based parameters to model snow accumulation and melt over a semi-arid mountain catchment[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2002, 16(18), 3585-3603. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.1238.

SCHÖN, P., NAAIM-BOUVET, F., VIONNET, V., et al. Merging a terrain-based parameter with blowing snow fluxes for assessing snow redistribution in alpine terrain[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2018, 155, 161-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.08.002.

DYUNIN A K. Fundamentals of the mechanics of snow storms[C]// International Conference on Low Temperature Science, I: Conference on Physics of Snow and Ice. Japan: Sapporo, 1967.

SCHMIDT R A. Sublimation of wind-transported snow: A model[Z]. United States: USDA Forest Service, 1972.

POMEROY J W, SCHMIDT R A. The use of fractal geometry in modelling intercepted snow accumulation and sublimation[C]// Proceedings of the Eastern Snow Conference. Quebec: Honor Paper Award, 1993.

DÉRY S J, YAU M K. Large-scale mass balance effects of blowing snow and surface sublimation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2002, 107(D23): ACL8-1-ACL8-17. DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001251.

DURAND Y, GUYOMARC'H G, MÉRINDOL L, et al. Improvement of a numerical snow drift model and field validation[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2005, 43(1-2): 93-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2005.05.008.

GROOT ZWAAFTINK C D, LÖWE H, MOTT R, et al. Drifting snow sublimation: a high-resolution 3-D model with temperature and moisture feedbacks[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2011, 116(D16): D16107. DOI: 10.1029/2011JD015754.

DAI X, HUANG N. Numerical simulation of drifting snow sublimation in the saltation layer[J]. Scientific Reports, 2014, 4: 6611. DOI: 10.1038/srep06611.

HUANG N, DAI X Q, ZHANG J. The impacts of moisture transport on drifting snow sublimation in the saltation layer[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016, 16(12): 7523-7529. DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-7523-2016.

HUANG N, SHI G L. The significance of vertical moisture diffusion on drifting snow sublimation near snow surface[J]. The Cryosphere, 2017, 11(6): 3011-3021. DOI: 10.5194/tc-11-3011-2017.

LI G, HUANG N, WANG Z S. Drifting snow and its sublimation in turbulent boundary layer[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2017, 822: 012045. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/822/1/012045.

WANG Z S, HUANG N, PÄHTZ T. The effect of turbulence on drifting snow sublimation[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2019, 46(20): 11568-11575. DOI: 10.1029/2019GL083636.

SHARMA V, COMOLA F, LEHNING M. On the suitability of the Thorpe-Mason model for calculating sublimation of saltating snow[J]. The Cryosphere, 2018, 12(11), 3499-3509. DOI: 10.5194/tc-12-3499-2018.

CRAWFORD N H, LINSLEY R K. Digital Simulation in Hydrology' Stanford Watershed Model 4[R]. United States: The National Academies of Sciences, 1966.

KITANIDIS P K, BRAS R L. Real‐time forecasting with a conceptual hydrologic model: 2. Applications and results[J]. Water Resources Research, 1980, 16(6): 1034-1044. DOI: 10.1029/WR016i006p01034.

LIU J T, SONG H Q, ZHANG X N, et al. A discussion on advances in theories of Xinanjiang Model[J]. Journal of China Hydrology, 2014, 34(1): 1-6. (in Chinese)

JABER F H, SHUKLA S. MIKE SHE: Model use, calibration, and validation[J]. Transactions of the ASABE, 2012, 55(4): 1479-1489. DOI: 10.13031/2013.42255.

BEVEN K, FREER J. A dynamic TOPMODEL[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2001, 15(10): 1993-2011. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.252.

JIA Y W, NI G H, KAWAHARA Y, et al. Development of WEP model and its application to an urban watershed[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2001, 15(11): 2175-2194. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.275.

BRAITHWAITE R J, ZHANG Y. Sensitivity of mass balance of five Swiss glaciers to temperature changes assessed by tuning a degree-day model[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 2000, 46(152): 7-14. DOI: 10.3189/172756500781833511.

CESARACCIO C, SPANO D, DUCE P, et al. An improved model for determining degree-day values from daily temperature data[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 2001, 45(4): 161-169. DOI: 10.1007/s004840100104.

ZHANG Y, LIU S Y, DING Y J. Observed degree-day factors and their spatial variation on glaciers in Western China[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 2006, 43: 301-306. DOI: 10.3189/172756406781811952.

MARKS D, DOMINGO J, SUSONG D, et al. A spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt model for application in mountain basins[J]. Hydrological Processes, 1999, 13(12-13): 1935-1959. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199909)13:12/131935:AID-HYP8683.0.CO;2-C.

LEHNING M, VÖLKSCH I, GUSTAFSSON D, et al. ALPINE3D: a detailed model of mountain surface processes and its application to snow hydrology[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2006, 20(10): 2111-2128. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.6204.

LISTON G E, ELDER K. A distributed snow-evolution modeling system (SnowModel)[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2006, 7(6): 1259-1276. DOI: 10.1175/jhm548.1.

DÉRY S J, YAU M K. A bulk blowing snow model[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1999, 93(2): 237-251. DOI: 10.1023/A:1002065615856.

ANDERSON E A. A point energy and mass balance model of a snow cover[D]. United States: National Weather Service, 1976.

YAMAZAKI T, KONDO J, SAKURAOKA T, et al. A one-dimensional model of the evolution of snow-cover characteristics[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 1993, 18: 22-26. DOI: 10.1017/s0260305500011204.

MARTINEC J, RANGO A, MAJOR E. Snowmelt-runoff model (SRM) user's manual[Z]. United States: NASA Reference Publication, 1983.

STRASSER U, CORRIPIO J, PELLICCIOTTI F, et al. Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d'Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2004, 109(D3). DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003973.

MIDDELKOOP H, DAAMEN K, GELLENS D, et al. Impact of climate change on hydrological regimes and water resources management in the Rhine basin[J]. Climatic Change, 2001, 49(1-2): 105-128. DOI: 10.1023/A:1010784727448.

WARSCHER M, STRASSER U, KRALLER G, et al. Performance of complex snow cover descriptions in a distributed hydrological model system: a case study for the high Alpine terrain of the Berchtesgaden Alps[J]. Water Resources Research, 2013, 49(5): 2619-2637. DOI: 10.1002/wrcr.20219.

RANDIN C F, DEDIEU J P, ZAPPA M, et al. Validation of and comparison between a semidistributed rainfall-runoff hydrological model (PREVAH) and a spatially distributed snow-evolution model (SnowModel) for snow cover prediction in mountain ecosystems[J]. Ecohydrology, 2015, 8(7): 1181-1193. DOI: 10.1002/eco.1570.

KUHN M. Redistribution of snow and glacier mass balance from a hydrometeorological model[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2003, 282(1-4): 95-103. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00256-7.

ASZTALOS J, KIRNBAUER R, ESCHER-VETTER H, et al. A distributed energy balance snow melt model as a component of a flood forecasting system for the Inn river[C]//Munich: Proceedings of the Alpine Snow Workshop, 2006: 9-17.

TARBOTON D G, LUCE C H. Utah energy balance snow accumulation and melt model (UEB)[R ] . Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1996. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/publications/watershed/rmrs_1996_tarbotond001.pdf

AMORY C, KITTEL C. Brief communication: Rare ambient saturation during drifting snow occurrences at a coastal location of East Antarctica[J]. The Cryosphere, 2019, 13(12): 3405-3412. DOI: 10.5194/tc-13-3405-2019.

CHE T, HAO X H, DAI L Y, et al. Snow cover variation and its impacts over the Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019, 34(11): 1247-1253. (in Chinese)DOI: 10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.2019.11.007.

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Numerical analysis of aerodynamic characteristics and mechanisms of a rotor in cross-medium flight

Generalized conservative phase-field model based lattice Boltzmann method for multiphase flows

Progress of discrete Boltzmann study on multiphase complex flows

Noise prediction and reduction methods for LAGOON landing gear based on Lattice Boltzmann method

Optimization of hot-air anti-icing structures based on neural networks and genetic algorithms

Related Author

GAO Shicai

WANG Xiao

ZHANG Shiting

XIAO Hongwei

ZHOU Jinxiang

NIU Xiaodong

XU Aiguo

CHEN Jie

Related Institution

National Key Laboratory of Helicopter Aeromechanics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing

College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou

Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shantou University, Shantou

Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing

Center for Applied Physics and Technology, MOE Key Center for High Energy Density Physics Simulations, Peking University, Beijing

AI问答

⁰