
1. 成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川,成都,610059
2. 西南石油大学机电工程学院,四川,成都,610500
3. 中石化江钻石油机械有限公司,湖北,武汉,430223
Published Online:09 January 2026,
Published:2025
移动端阅览
刘清友, 杨迎新, 叶道辉, 官杨. 油气钻头技术演进历史与发展趋势[J]. 石油学报, 2025, 46(12): 2389-2409.
刘清友, 杨迎新, 叶道辉, et al. Evolution and development trends of oil and gas drilling bit technology[J]. ACTA PETROLEI SINICA, 2025, 46(12): 2389-2409.
刘清友, 杨迎新, 叶道辉, 官杨. 油气钻头技术演进历史与发展趋势[J]. 石油学报, 2025, 46(12): 2389-2409. DOI: 10.7623/syxb202512013.
刘清友, 杨迎新, 叶道辉, et al. Evolution and development trends of oil and gas drilling bit technology[J]. ACTA PETROLEI SINICA, 2025, 46(12): 2389-2409. DOI: 10.7623/syxb202512013.
钻头作为油气钻井的核心装备
其技术性能直接影响钻井效率和成本。通过系统梳理国内外油气钻头技术发展历程
厘清从刮刀钻头、牙轮钻头、金刚石钻头、复合钻头到智能钻头的技术演进路径
为钻头设计研发提供基础理论和方向指引。分析表明
钻头技术创新是钻井技术不断进步的根本保障
同时
钻头技术变革又来源于日益复杂的钻井需求。钻头技术进步主要体现在:设计方法从静态到动态
从单因素到多因素
从经验向数字化发展;钻头品种由以牙轮钻头为主到以PDC钻头为主
钻头产品研发也从牙轮钻头的批量化到PDC钻头的个性化设计制造转型;牙齿材料从普通碳钢升级为高性能硬质合金、金刚石超硬复合材料;齿形由平面齿向新型异形齿突破;水力结构技术从物理实验发展到计算流体动力学精细化模拟;实验评价技术从基础台架实验发展至钻头与配套工具的协同实验乃至模拟原位条件的破岩实验;制造工艺从传统机械制造到自动化、智能化等现代制造技术转变等。针对深层/超深层等复杂油气钻井需求
未来钻头研究将聚焦新方法、新结构、新材料、精准个性化设计、一体化科学使用与智能化技术创新
研制出适应各种钻井条件的高性能钻头
支撑复杂油气钻井提速增效的重大需求。
As the core equipment in oil and gas drilling
the technical performance of drill bits directly influences drilling efficiency and overall costs. By systematically reviewing the technological development of drill bits in both domestic and international contexts
this study clarifies the evolution from drag bits
roller cone bits
diamond bits
and composite bits to intelligent bits
thereby providing a fundamental basis and direction for drill bit design and development. The analyses indicate that technological innovation in drill bits is the essential driver for the continuous advancement of drilling technologies
while innavotive transformations in drill bit technology are in turn driven by increasingly complex drilling requirements. Advances in drill bit technology are primarily reflected in the following aspects:(1)Design methods have progressed from static to dynamic models
from single-factor to multi-factor considerations
and from experience-based approaches to digitalized methodologies; (2)The dominant drill bit types have shifted from roller cone bits to PDC bits
accompanied by a transition in product development from mass production of roller cone bits to customized design and manufacturing of PDC bits; (3)Tooth materials have evolved from ordinary carbon steel to high-performance cemented carbides and diamond-based superhard composites; (4)The tooth profile has evolved from planar cutter to novel shaped cutters; (5)Hydraulic structure technologies have developed from physical experimentation to refined computational fluid dynamics simulations; (6)Experimental evaluation techniques have evolved from basic bench testing to collaborative testing of drill bits and associated tools
and further to rock-breaking experiments that simulate in-situ conditions; (7)Manufacturing processes have transitioned from traditional mechanical machining to modern automated and intelligent manufacturing technologies. To address the drilling requirements of complex oil and gas reservoirs
such as deep and ultra-deep layers
future research on drill bits will focus on new methods
new structures
new materials
precise and personalized design
integrated scientific application
and intelligent technological innovation. These efforts aim to develop high-performance drill bits suitable for diverse drilling conditions
and support the critical demand for enhancing drilling speed and efficiency in complex oil and gas drilling operations.
周守为,李清平,朱海山,等. 海洋能源勘探开发技术现状与展望[J].中国工程科学,2016,18(2):19-31.
何登发,贾承造,赵文智,等.中国超深层油气勘探领域研究进展与关键问题[J].石油勘探与开发,2023,50(6):1162-1172.
刘岩生,张佳伟,黄洪春.中国深层—超深层钻完井关键技术及发展方向[J].石油学报,2024,45(1):312-324.
马德坤.牙轮钻头工作力学[M].2版.北京:石油工业出版社,2009.
杨晨娟.牙轮钻头密封圈性能仿真与优化设计[D].西安:西安石油大学,2023.
SCHMIDT S R,WITTRY A E,BURR B H,et al.Metal bearing seal technology improves drilling efficiency of rolling cutter bits in high-rpm North Sea applications[R].SPE 21934,1991.
KELLY JR J L,LEDGERWOOD III L W.Performance evaluation of a new rock bit bearing seal[R].SPE 17186,1988.
CARRE L,MCCOY R,WILSON L,et al.Application of new generation large roller-cone bits reduces drilling costs in Eastern Venezuela[R].SPE 69617,2001.
AL-WAHEDI T,HAY M A,WAHEED T,et al.New slimhole technology maximizes productivity in Middle East horizontal drilling programs[R].SPE 92376,2005.
GRIMES B,KIRKPATRICK B.Step change in performance:upgraded bit technology significantly improves drilling economics in GOM motor applications[R].SPE 103074,2006.
YU Jiaqing,YONG Zhou.Multi-part energizer for mechanical seal assembly:US,7347290B2[P].2008-03-25.
王国荣,刘清友.浮动套轴承工作机理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2012.
杨迎新,刘德明,林敏,等.一种牙轮脱落预警新技术的试验研究[J].天然气工业,2006,26(1):63-65.
MA D,AZAR J J.Dynamics of roller cone bits[J].Journal of Energy Resources Technology,1985,107(4):543-548.
MA Dekun,ZHOU Desheng,DENG Rong.The computer simulation of the interaction between roller bit and rock[R].SPE 29922,1995.
刘清友,邱亚玲,姚志恒.盘形钻头牙齿刮切实验研究[J].钻采工艺,1999,22(4):46-48.
刘清友,邱亚玲,彭晓东.盘形钻头刮切实验数据分析处理[J].西南石油学院学报,1999,21(2):61-64.
刘清友.三牙轮钻头系统可靠性的预测与评估[J].石油机械,1997,25(1):19-21.
刘清友.三牙轮钻头动力学计算机仿真分析研究[D].成都:西南石油大学,1997.
姚恒申,江晓涛,刘清友.石油钻井钻头钻柱的纵向振动受力分析[J].数理统计与应用概率,1998,13(2):65-72.
刘清友,马德坤.牙轮钻头动力学模型的建立与仿真分析[J].石油机械,1998,26(11):1-4.
刘清友.复合齿形牙轮钻头:99251810.5[P].2001-02-28.
赵永明,谢德龙,禹德洲,等.油气井金刚石钻头的现状及发展趋势[J].超硬材料工程,2012,24(5):35-38.
刘维,高德利.PDC钻头研究现状与发展趋势[J].前瞻科技,2023,2(2):168-178.
刘强,陈文婷,王晋春,等.热稳定型高耐磨的聚晶金刚石复合片及其制备方法:201811644636.4[P].2021-01-26.
叶道辉,刘洋,徐磊,等.一种油气钻探用高抗冲击聚晶金刚石复合片及其制备方法:202310529329.6[P].2023-08-25.
李树盛,蔡镜仑,马德坤.PDC钻头冠部设计的原理与方法[J].石油机械,1998,26(3):1-3.
翟应虎,蔡镜仑,刘希圣.PDC钻头切削齿工作角设计理论[J].石油大学学报,1992,16(1):24-33.
翟应虎,王克雄,蔡镜仑.PDC钻头的螺旋线布齿方法[J].石油大学学报,1995,19(2):25-29.
杨迎新,刘清友,况雨春,等.深部难钻地层金刚石钻头关键技术研究与应用[R].成都:西南石油大学,2014.
任海涛,杨迎新,陈炼,等.PDC钻头钻进仿真系统数字化方法研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2010,32(5):150-154.
况雨春,刘强,韩一维,等.PDC钻头参数化设计平台研究[J].工程设计学报,2017,24(6):624-631.
况雨春,杨云山,杨迎新,等.PDC钻头水力结构优化设计专用软件研究[J].石油矿场机械,2007,36(4):1-4.
左汝强.国际油气井钻头进展概述(一)——Kymera组合式(Hybrid)钻头系列[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2016,43(1):4-6.
杨迎新,林敏,陈炼,等.一种具有冲击切削结构的盘式复合钻头:201210155410.4[P].2017-05-03.
樊孝兵,刘强,程永,等.一种强化心部切削功能的混合钻头:201210552556.2[P].2015-07-29.
刘清友,王国荣,毛良杰,等.一种切削硬质地层的复合PDC提速钻头:201811126683.X[P].2018-12-21.
邓嵘,侯凯,李孟华,等.混合式单牙轮钻头破岩性能研究[J].工程设计学报,2018,25(3):262-269.
杨迎新,刘清友,张春亮,等.一种适用于难钻地层的复合钻头:201610630578.4[P].2019-11-05.
牛世伟.PDC-滚刀式牙轮复合钻头破岩机理及设计方法研究[D].成都:西南石油大学,2019.
WALID M,ENIS A,NACEUR C.Development of a PDC-tricone hybrid technology to solve drilling problems of surface holes in North Africa[R].OTC 25015,2014.
全兵,叶道辉,涂关富,等.一种新型区域布齿强化的混合钻头:202410101246.1[P].2024-05-03.
杨迎新,牛世伟,陈炼,等.具有独立缓冲结构的PDC—牙轮复合钻头研制[J].天然气工业,2024,44(5):96-104.
CHEN Xuyue,YANG Qiqi,YANG Naitong,et al.The bottomhole stress field analysis and the rate of penetration enhancement mechanism of a new type of central-grooved single-cone/multi-blade hybrid bit for deep well drilling[J].Geoenergy Science and Engineering,2024,233:212485.
MAURER W C.Bit-Tooth penetration under simulated borehole conditions[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1965,17(12):1433-1442.
GNIRK P F,CHEATHAM J B.An experimental study of single Bit-Tooth penetration into dry rock at confining pressures of 0 to 5000psi[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,1965,5(2):117-130.
刘清友,孟庆华,庞东晓,等.基于复杂环境多自由度牙轮钻头动力学模型建立与分析[J].应用力学学报,2008,25(4):566-571.
庞东晓,刘清友,王国荣,等.九自由度牙轮钻头动力学模型研究[J].石油学报,2007,28(4):134-137.
刘清友,黄本生.牙轮钻头横向振动模型的建立及求解[J].天然气工业,2001,21(4):55-56.
刘清友,马德坤,汤小文.钻柱纵向振动模型的建立及求解方法[J].西南石油学院学报,1998,20(4):55-58.
刘清友,马德坤,钟青.钻柱扭转振动模型的建立及求解[J].石油学报,2000,21(2):78-82.
况雨春,马德坤,刘清友,等.钻柱—钻头—岩石系统动态行为仿真[J].石油学报,2001,22(3):81-85.
祝效华,刘清友,童华.三维井眼全井钻柱系统动力学模型研究[J].石油学报,2008,29(2):288-291.
刘清友,孟庆华,庞东晓.钻井系统动力学仿真研究及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
闫佳.刘清友:千尺油气钻头出,大国重器来之不易[J].中国科技奖励,2020(11):59-60.
刘 清友,朱海燕,唐煊赫,等.四川盆地页岩气地质工程一体化高效开发关键技术与装备[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2024,43(4): 191-203.
罗鸣,朱海燕,刘清友,等.一种适用于超高温超高压塑性泥岩的V形齿PDC钻头[J].天然气工业,2021,41(4):97-106.
杨迎新,杨燕,陈欣伟,等.PDC钻头复合钻进破岩机理及个性化设计探讨[J].地下空间与工程学报,2019,15(2):565-575.
杨迎新,侯季康,邓嵘,等.小井眼PDC钻头的自平衡抗回旋技术[J].石油学报,2002,23(3):98-101.
杨迎新,周坚,黄奎林,等.定向随钻扩孔PDC钻头优化设计及应用[J].工程设计学报,2018,25(6):668-674.
杨迎新,胡浩然,黄奎林,等.环脊式PDC钻头破岩机理实验研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2019,15(5):1451-1460.
刘维,高德利.大齿快切PDC钻头提速研究与现场试验[J].天然气工业,2022,42(9):102-110.
LIU Qingyou,ZHU Haiyan.Dynamic design method for personalized drill bit for complex difficult-to-drill formation:US 11572767B2[P]. 2023-02-07.
ROBERTSON A,HANAFY A,VALBUENA F,et al.Drill bit performance improvements in challenging North America land drilling applications through optimization of PDC cutter technologies[R].SPE 223693,2025.
杨迎新,伍开松,况雨春,等.一种聚晶金刚石复合片:200720082269.4[P].2009-01-21.
陈炼,任海涛,杨迎新,等.一种聚晶金刚石复合片:200820223366.5[P] .2009-09-23.
颜辉,李宁,阳君奇,等.砾石层异型齿PDC钻头的设计及现场试验[J].钻采工艺,2023,46(3):9-15.
刘畅,杨迎新,姚建林,等.新型非平面齿破岩规律研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2023,19(2):428-436.
SHAO Fangyuan,LIU Wei,GAO Deli,et al.Development and verification of triple-ridge-shaped cutter for PDC bits[J].SPE Journal,2022,27(6):3849-3863.
沈忠厚.水射流理论与技术[M].东营:石油大学出版社,1998.
李根生,沈忠厚.自振空化射流理论与应用[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2008.
管志川,陈庭根,刘希圣.PDC钻头水力结构研究进展[J].石油大学学报,1994,18(6):136-142.
GLOWKA D.Optimization of bit hydraulic configurations[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,1983,23(1):21-32.
BISSON P,CHOUX J C,PROVO A.Hydraulic optimization of PDC bits by visualization methods[R].SPE 18370,1988.
姚征,陈康民.CFD通用软件综述[J].上海理工大学学报,2002,24(2):137-144.
LEDGERWOOD L W,WELLS M R,WIESNER B C,et al.Advanced hydraulics analysis optimizes performance of roller cone drill bits[R].SPE 59111,2000.
王瑞和,沈忠厚.锥形旋转射流井底流场的数值模拟[J].石油大学学报,1998,22(6):49-52.
况雨春,杨云山,杨迎新,等.PDC钻头井底流场CFD仿真及二次开发[J].钻采工艺,2007,30(1):77-79.
KNOWLTON R H,HUANG H.Polycrystalline diamond compact bit hydraulics[R].SPE 11063,1982.
CROUSE R,CHIA R.Optimization of PDC bit hydraulics by fluid simulation[R].SPE 14221,1985.
GARCIA-GAVITO D,AZAR J J.Proper nozzle location,bit profile,and cutter arrangement affect PDC-bit performance significantly[J]. SPE Drilling & Completion,1994,9(3):167-175.
刘刚,陈庭根,管志川.喷嘴倾角对PDC钻头齿水射流清洗力影响的实验研究[J].石油大学学报,1996,20(4): 30-33.
杨丽,陈康民.喷嘴孔径对PDC钻头井底流场影响的研究[J].机械工程学报,2005,41(9):171-174.
黄英勇,李根生,田守嶒,等.定向喷嘴布置对PDC钻头井底流场影响研究[J].流体机械,2012,40(1):46-49.
李根生,沈忠厚.高压水射流理论及其在石油工程中应用研究进展[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(1):96-99.
王学杰,李根生,康延军,等.利用水力脉冲空化射流复合钻井技术提高钻速[J].石油学报,2009,30(1):117-120.
朱海燕,王锡洲,刘时英,等.PDC钻头水力学研究最新进展[J].石油钻采工艺,2009,31(5):23-28.
VEENHUIZEN S D,KOLLE J J,RICE C C,et al.Ultra-high pressure jet assist of mechanical drilling[R].SPE 37579,1997.
熊继有.脉冲射流喷嘴的清岩与破岩机理[J].天然气工业,1995,15(2):38-40.
况雨春,秦超,陈瑞诚.装有脉冲喷嘴的PDC钻头井底流场模拟[J].石油机械,2014,42(5):34-38.
刘清友,毛良杰.一种用于复杂地层二元矢量喷嘴PDC钻头:201811125041.8[P].2019-01-18.
徐鹏,盛茂,田守嶒,等.基于ALE-FEM耦合算法的磨料水射流破岩数值模拟及其机理分析[J].石油科学通报,2024,9(4):627-636.
DETOURNAY E,TAN C P.Dependence of drilling specific energy on bottom-hole pressure in shales[R].SPE 78221,2002.
RAJABOV V,MISKA S,MORTIMER L,et al.The effects of back rake and side rake angles on mechanical specific energy of single PDC cutters with selected rocks at varying depth of cuts and confining pressures[R].SPE 151406,2012.
KAITKAY P,LEI Shuting.Experimental study of rock cutting under external hydrostatic pressure[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2005,159(2):206-213.
IZBINSKI K,PATEL S G,VANDEVEN A.Innovative dual-chamfer edge technology leads to performance gains in PDC bits[R].SPE 173157,2015.
刘清友,欧成华,朱海燕,等.一种能够测试岩石三轴强度参数的多功能钻头破岩实验装置及方法:201710702954.0[P].2019-12-31.
王国荣,刘清友,何霞,等.牙轮钻头浮动套轴承实验方法及装置:200710050088.8[P].2010-05-19.
CHEN Shijie,ZHU Haiyan,ZHAO Peng,et al.Influence of fracture network characteristics of hot dry rock on heat extraction performance:a numerical simulation study[J].Geoenergy Science and Engineering,2025,245:213523.
国家能源局.石油天然气钻井工程岩石可钻性测定与分级:SY/T 5426—2016[S].北京:石油工业出版社,2016:1-7.
中国石油和化工自动化应用协会.岩石研磨性测定与分级:T/CNPCI 0025—2024[S].北京:中国石油和化工自动化应用协会,2024:1-5.
陈军海,王怡,韩艳浓,等.一种利用岩石强度刻划试验确定岩石PDC钻头可钻性级值的方法[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(2):94-99.
石祥超,陈帅.岩石可钻性指数测试及分级方法验证[J].石油学报,2025,46(9):1792-1804.
RAFATIAN N,MISKA S,LEDGERWOOD III L W,et al.Experimental study of MSE of a single PDC cutter interacting with rock under simulated pressurized conditions[J].SPE Drilling & Completion,2010,25(1):10-18.
祝效华,阳飞龙,刘伟吉.液柱压力下PDC齿切削破岩机理[J].石油学报,2025,46(10):1943-1959.
祝效华,程飞龙,石昌帅,等.围压条件下花岗岩重载冲击破碎模式与破碎规律[J].石油学报,2025,46(6):1203-1216.
CHENG Zhen,SHENG Mao,LI Gensheng,et al.Imaging the formation process of cuttings:characteristics of cuttings and mechanical specific energy in single PDC cutter tests[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2018,171:854-862.
翟应虎,蔡镜仑,刘希圣.重叠和覆盖条件下PDC切削齿破岩规律[J].石油学报,1994,15(3):119-125.
须志刚,蔡镜仑.PDC钻头切削齿受力试验的新方法[J].石油大学学报,1994,18(4):31-36.
LIU Wei,WANG Yichen,WANG Xinyu,et al.Rock-breaking mechanism and performance of arch-ridged cutters used for PDC bits[J].SPE Journal,2025,30(4):1708-1722.
杨迎新,谢松,蔡灿,等.PDC磨损齿切削破岩过程的实验研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2023,45(1):180-188.
黄春申,杨世良.复合运动岩石破碎试验设备和试验方法[J].西南石油学院学报,1991,13(4):65-81.
祝效华,刘伟吉,石昌帅,等.重载冲击破岩提速机理实验[J].石油学报,2024,45(10):1529-1537.
杨迎新,王云田,周春晓,等.微心PDC钻头心部结构优化的实验研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2021,17(4):1171-1180.
栗大林.关于XHP3、XHP4型长齿三牙轮钻头硬质合金齿的研制[J].石油学报,1983,4(1):89-96.
刘清友.三牙轮钻头数控加工自动编程系统设计[J].石油机械,1995,23(9):1-4.
LEE M,申守庆.美国十大钻头公司的十大钻头新技术[J].国外油田工程,2002,18(7):14-20.
LIN C,KOLTERMANN T J,ZAHRADNIK A F,et al.Enhanced backup ring features for metal face seal in roller cone drill bits:SG 1120150 6256RA[P].2016-09-29.
LIU Wei,GAO Deli.Hall-Petch relation in the fracture strength of matrix-body PDC bits[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2021,98:105537.
韩烈祥.国外PDC钻头技术新进展[M].北京:科学出版社,2020.
CENTALA P K,ROBERTS T S.Shaping the future with PDC cutter technology,progress,and next steps[R].SPE 223687,2025.
PANAYIRCI H M,ROBINSON A.Next level instrumentation in PDC bits:measuring temperature at every cutter while drilling[R].SPE 223665,2025.
LIU Baxian,WANG Yifei,JIANG Junjie,et al.Application of three-dimensional printing technology to the manufacture of petroleum drill bits[J].Processes,2023,11(9):2706.
YANG Feilong,LIU Weiji,ZHU Xiaohua,et al.The rock-breaking mechanism of thermal spalling-assisted rock cutting by PDC cutter[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2024,57(2):993-1012.
李根生,沈忠厚,周长山,等.自振空化射流研究与应用进展[J].中国工程科学,2005,7(1):27-32.
熊继有,付建红,钱声华,等.井下它激振荡脉冲射流机理研究[J].石油学报,2004,25(2):100-102.
黄志强,梁耀文,陈科,等.激光-PDC钻头联合破岩机理及特性研究[J].工程设计学报,2023,30(3):315-324.
WOSKOV P P,COHN D R.Millimeter-wave drilling and fracturing system:US 2010252324A1[P].2010-10-07.
王修昌,赵连敏,吴大俊,等.4.6GHz高功率微波岩石钻探技术[J].科学技术与工程,2021,21(22):9404-9410.
祝效华,罗云旭,刘伟吉,等.等离子体电脉冲钻井破岩机理的电击穿实验与数值模拟方法[J].石油学报,2020,41(9):1146-1162.
呼怀刚,黄洪春,汪海阁,等.国内外PDC钻头新进展与发展趋势展望[J].石油机械,2024,52(2):1-10.
LIU Yongwang,ZHANG Zhe,JI Qingli,et al.A new method to improve rock breaking efficiency by using automatic unloading of bottom hole central stress[J].Geoenergy Science and Engineering,2023,225:211680.
涂关富,刘强.一种分布式内流道分体刀翼钻头:202410156384.X[P] .2024-04-30.
杨迎新,曾恒,马捷,等.PDC钻头内镶式二级齿新技术[J].石油学报,2008,29(4):612-614.
杨迎新,陈炼,林敏,等.一种刮切-冲击复合式钻头:201210155406.8[P].2015-10-28.
ZHU Haiyan,LIU Q Y.Pressure drawdown mechanism and design principle of jet pump bit[J].Scientia Iranica,2015,22(3):792-803.
LIU Wei,LI Yue,GAO Deli,et al.Microstructure and properties of polycrystalline diamond with AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloys as binder[J].Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials,2025,8(1):124.
RAJAK D K,KUMAR A,BEHERA A,et al.Diamond-like carbon (DLC)coatings:classification,properties,and applications[J].Applied Sciences,2021,11(10):4445.
XU Jianhui,ZHAN G D,MOELLENDICK T E,et al.Advanced coating to mitigate PDC cutter thermal degradation in PDC bit manufacturing[R].IPTC 21954,2022.
0
Views
432
下载量
0
CSCD
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010802024621