Excessive short-circuit current levels have severely constrained the safe and stable operation of power grids. To address the poor adaptability of energy harvesting and power supply as well as the large physical size of existing fast-switch fault current limiters

this paper designs a high-potential energy-harvesting self-driven fast-switch current limiter for short-circuit current suppression. The device adopts a coaxial arrangement of the current-limiting reactor

fast switch

and energy-harvesting unit

effectively reducing its overall size. A transmission characteristics model of nanocrystalline materials is established

and the key parameters of the energy-harvesting unit are optimized accordingly

achieving stable power output under primary currents ranging from 100 A to 3 500 A. A multi-criteria fault identification algorithm based on instantaneous value

slope

and curvature is constructed to ensure accurate identification under short-circuit conditions. The research results provide a reliable engineering solution for suppressing short-circuit currents.