Flexible Holomorphic Embedding Solution for Power Flow Calculation in Hybrid AC/DC Active Distribution Networks

Xue Li; Menglei Zhi; Tao Jiang; Rufeng Zhang; Guoqing Li

doi:10.35833/MPCE.2025.000788

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Flexible Holomorphic Embedding Solution for Power Flow Calculation in Hybrid AC/DC Active Distribution Networks

Original Paper | 更新时间：2026-09-28

- Flexible Holomorphic Embedding Solution for Power Flow Calculation in Hybrid AC/DC Active Distribution Networks
- Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy Vol. 14, Issue 5, Pages: 1780-1792(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  Department of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
- 作者简介：
  
  Xue Li received the Ph.D. degree from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK), Tennessee, USA, in 2015. She is currently a Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China. Her research interests include computational method applied to power system analysis. Email:xli@neepu.edu.cn
  Menglei Zhi received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China, in 2022, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree since September 2022. His research interests include computational method applied to power system analysis. Email:1202400011@neepu.edu.cn
  Tao Jiang received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China, in 2006 and 2011, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, in 2015. He is currently a Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University. His research interests include power system stability and control, renewable energy integration, and integrated energy system. Email:tjiang@neepu.edu.cn
  Rufeng Zhang received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China, in 2013, 2016, and 2019, respectively. He is currently a Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University. His research interests include integrated energy system, power system operation and optimization, and renewable energy integration. Email:zhangrufeng@neepu.edu.cn
  Guoqing Li received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China, in 1984 and 1988, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, in 1998. He is currently a Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University. His research interests include multi-level modular converter based high-voltage DC (MMC-HVDC) system and DC grid. Email:lgq@neepu.edu.cn
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.35833/MPCE.2025.000788
  CLC：
- Received：24 August 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-11-12，
  
  Accepted：29 December 2025，
  
  Online First：01 April 2026，
  
  Published：15 September 2026
- 稿件说明：
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Li Xue,Zhi Menglei,Jiang Tao,et al.Flexible Holomorphic Embedding Solution for Power Flow Calculation in Hybrid AC/DC Active Distribution Networks[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2026,14(05):1780-1792.
DOI：

Li Xue,Zhi Menglei,Jiang Tao,et al.Flexible Holomorphic Embedding Solution for Power Flow Calculation in Hybrid AC/DC Active Distribution Networks[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2026,14(05):1780-1792. DOI： 10.35833/MPCE.2025.000788.

摘要

Abstract

Holomorphic embedding (HE) method has gained increasing attention in power system analysis because of its robustness. This paper further extends the HE theories into the power flow calculation in hybrid AC/DC active distribution networks (ADNs). A flexible holomorphic embedding solution (FHES) method is proposed for the power flow calculation in AC/DC ADNs in the grid-connected and islanded modes. This paper also develops the HE models of voltage source converters (VSCs) with active and reactive power control modes. The HE models of loads in AC/DC ADNs are also formulated by taking full account of static voltage and frequency characteristics. Furthermore

the HE models of the distributed generators (DGs) under various control modes are developed. A sequential iterative method is employed to solve the developed HE models of AC/DC ADNs in the grid-connected and islanded modes. The performance of the proposed FHES method is evaluated using the modified IEEE 33-node and IEEE 123-node AC/DC ADNs. Finally

the testing results validate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed FHES method.

关键词

Keywords

references

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