A Review on Transient Characteristics and Control of Grid-following and Grid-forming Converters in New-type Power Systems

XING Wenchao; ZHANG Junbo

doi:10.20204/j.sp.2026.05014

English Version Journal Login

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

A Review on Transient Characteristics and Control of Grid-following and Grid-forming Converters in New-type Power Systems

更新时间：2026-05-20

- A Review on Transient Characteristics and Control of Grid-following and Grid-forming Converters in New-type Power Systems
- Vol. 54, Issue 5, Pages: 115-125(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  （华南理工大学电力学院，）,广东,广州,510641
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.20204/j.sp.2026.05014
  CLC：
- Published：2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
邢文超,张俊勃.新型电力系统中跟网与构网变流器暂态特性与控制综述[J].智慧电力,2026,54(5):115-125.

doi:10.20204/j.sp.2026.05014
邢文超,张俊勃.新型电力系统中跟网与构网变流器暂态特性与控制综述[J].智慧电力,2026,54(5):115-125. DOI： 10.20204/j.sp.2026.05014.

doi:10.20204/j.sp.2026.05014 DOI：

摘要

随着电力电子化程度不断提高，功率器件的过流能力逐渐成为制约新型电力系统暂态安全的重要因素。在大扰动条件下，限流等故障穿越控制引发的控制模式切换等非线性行为会显著影响变流器同步及故障恢复过程，增加了暂态稳定分析与控制设计的复杂度。为此，系统综述了跟网型变流器（GFL）与构网型变流器（GFM）的暂态特性及相关控制策略。首先，梳理了2类变流器的基本控制类型及其典型的限流等暂态控制环节；其次，从单机层面分类总结了变流器的暂态失稳机理、特性研究及增强控制策略，并重点剖析了限流对构网特性和同步行为的影响；接着，从系统层面综述了由GFL与GFM构成的多变流器系统的暂态稳定问题研究进展，并归纳了主要的风险评估与协同应对策略；最后，指出现有研究在构网能力边界不清、复杂运行场景验证不足以及多目标协同设计欠缺等方面的不足，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。

Abstract

With the increasing penetration of power electronics

the overcurrent capability of power devices has gradually become a critical factor constraining the transient security of new-type power systems. Under large disturbances

nonlinear behaviors such as control mode switching induced by fault ride-through controls like current limiting can significantly affect the synchronization and fault recovery processes of converters

thereby increasing the complexity of transient stability analysis and control design. To address this

this paper systematically reviews the transient characteristics and related control strategies of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) converters. First

the basic control types of these two converter categories and their typical transient control schemes

such as current limiting

are outlined. Second

from a single-converter perspective

the transient instability mechanisms

characteristic studies

and enhanced control strategies are classified and summarized

with a focus on analyzing the impact of current limiting on grid-forming characteristics and synchronization behavior. Third

from a system-level perspective

the research progress on transient stability issues in multi-converter systems consisting of GFL and GFM converters is reviewed

and the main risk assessment and coordinated countermeasure strategies are summarized. Finally

the shortcomings of existing research are identified

such as unclear boundaries of grid-forming capability

insufficient validation under complex operational scenarios

and a lack of multi-objective cooperative design. Future research directions are also prospected.

关键词

Keywords

references

阮亮，王杨，肖先勇，等. 跟网型和构网型变流器动态交互特性分析 [J ] .智慧电力，2024，52（7）：103-110.

BI T，YANG B，JIA K，et al. Review on renewable energy source fault characteristics analysis [J ] .CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems，2022，8（4）：963-972.

KHAYAT Y，CHEN P，BONGIORNO M，et al. FRT capability of grid-forming power converters：an antiwindup scheme [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2024，39（10）：12842-12855.

FAN B，WANG X. Fault recovery analysis of grid-forming inverters with priority-based current limiters [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Systems，2023，38（6）：5102-5112.

杨振奥，陈俊儒，刘雨姗，等.计及暂态响应与动态支撑能力的跟/构网型变流器容量配比策略 [J ] .智慧电力，2025，53（12）：123-130.

彭放，高厚磊，郭一飞，等. 构网逆变电源故障穿越控制策略及其对保护影响的研究综述 [J ] .电网技术，2024，48（9）：3673-3685.

周科，文贤馗，邓彤天，等. 光伏发电-超级电容储能并网系统的直流母线电压稳定控制 [J ] .电网与清洁能源，2024，40（2）：47-55，62.

周琦，袁宇波，张宸宇，等. 分布式光伏直流汇聚接入拓扑及多级协同控制策略 [J ] .供用电，2025，42（1）：43-51.

梁纪峰，胡雪凯，刘夏宇，等. 基于模糊控制的分布式光伏并网主动支撑方案研究 [J ] .电网与清洁能源，2024，40（11）：138-146.

李旭涛，贾祺，项丽，等. 双级式光伏发电主动参与电网频率调节 [J ] .电力系统保护与控制，2019，47（12）：100-110.

何国庆，王伟胜，刘纯，等. 分布式电源并网技术标准研究 [J ] .中国电力，2020，53（4）：1-12，176.

勾奕昀，郑竞宏，刘壮，等. 基于锁相环相位补偿的光伏逆变器低电压穿越快速无功控制 [J ] .电力系统保护与控制，2024，52（24）：85-96.

胡宏，许凌，张梦瑶，等. 海上风电柔性直流送出系统控制耦合作用及差动保护适应性分析 [J ] .电力建设，2025，46（3）：166-176.

但扬清，黄莹，韩连山，等. 计及功率控制型构网变流器接入的交流系统暂态稳定性仿真研究 [J ] .浙江电力，2024，43（6）：1-12.

李兰芳，王子莹，李奇南，等. 构网型柔性直流输电系统同步控制策略研究综述 [J ] .浙江电力，2025，44（12）：91-106.

白文远，庄国峰，罗雪梅，等. 基于动态阻尼增强的VSG并联系统功率振荡抑制方法 [J ] .智慧电力，2024，52（11）：16-22，113.

张浩，李辉，谭宏涛，等. 基于惯性同步的构网型永磁风电机组暂态控制改进策略 [J ] .电力自动化设备，2025，45（12）：145-152.

王杨，廖鹏，杨孟凌，等. 多类型无功控制下VSG的有功响应特性分析与功率耦合强度量化 [J ] .智慧电力，2025，53（10）：61-69.

LI T，LI Y，CHEN X，et al. Research on AC microgrid with current-limiting ability using power-state equation and improved lyapunov-function method [J ] .IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics，2021，9（6）：7306-7319.

MAHAMEDI B，ESKANDARI M，FLETCHER J E，et al. Sequence-based control strategy with current limiting for the fault ride-through of inverter-interfaced distributed generators [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy，2020，11（1）：165-174.

HE X，DESAI M A，HUANG L，et al. Cross-forming control and fault current limiting for grid-forming inverters [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2025，40（3）：3980-4007.

SAFFAR K G，DRISS S，AJAEI F B. Impacts of current limiting on the transient stability of the virtual synchronous generator [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2023，38（2）：1509-1521.

郑超，苏志达，吕思卓. 构网型柔直并网系统受扰特性分析及稳定控制策略 [J ] .电力自动化设备，2025，45（4）：125-132.

HE J，LI Y W. Analysis，design，and implementation of virtual impedance for power electronics interfaced distributed generation [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications，2011，47（6）：2525-2538.

TAUL M G，WANG X，DAVARI P，et al. Current limiting control with enhanced dynamics of grid-forming converters during fault conditions [J ] .IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics，2020，8（2）：1062-1073.

LIU T，WANG X，LIU F，et al. A current limiting method for single-loop voltage-magnitude controlled grid-forming converters during symmetrical faults [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2022，37（4）：4751-4763.

CHEN J，PRYSTUPCZUK F，O'DONNELL T. Use of voltage limits for current limitations in grid-forming converters [J ] .CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems，2020，6（2）：259-269.

徐式蕴，孙华东，王姝彦，等. 高比例电力电子电力系统过电压（2）——交流对称故障下暂时工频过电压机理 [J ] .中国电机工程学报，2024，44（5）：1701-1712.

BAECKELAND N，CHATTERJEE D，LU M，et al. Overcurrent limiting in grid-forming inverters：a comprehensive review and discussion [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2024，39（11）：14493-14517.

刘其辉，李开心，蔡希鹏，等. 基于规范形方法的并网变换器系统暂态同步稳定分析 [J ] .电力自动化设备，2025，45（6）：116-123.

LIU Y，YAO J，PEI J，et al. Transient stability enhancement control strategy based on improved PLL for grid connected VSC during severe grid fault [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion，2021，36（1）：218-229.

WU H，WANG X. Design-oriented transient stability analysis of PLL-synchronized voltage source converters [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2020，35（4）：3573-3589.

潘莉，李霞林，王智，等. 弱连接VSC的锁相环同步暂态稳定综述 [J ] .电力自动化设备， 2023，43（9）：138-151.

陈波，张权旺，刘柳，等. 计及LVRT的光伏并网系统暂态稳定性分析与参数优化研究 [J ] .电力科学与技术学报，2024，39（6）：162-173.

田颢璟，孙大卫，刘辉，等. 短路故障清除时刻直驱风电机组机端暂态过电压研究 [J ] .太阳能学报，2023，44（1）：247-256.

赵博元，路晨，陈磊，等. 锁相环动态对切换延迟导致的暂态过电压的影响 [J ] .电网技术，2025，49（1）：284-294.

SHI K，YE H，XU P，et al. Low-voltage ride through control strategy of virtual synchronous generator based on the analysis of excitation state [J ] .IET Generation，Transmission & Distribution，2018，12（9）：2165-2172.

ZHANG Y，ZHANG C，YANG R，et al. Current-constrained power-angle characterization method for transient stability analysis of grid-forming voltage source converters [J ] .IEEE Transaction s on Energy Conversion，2023，38（2）：1338-1349.

LYU X，DU W，MOHIUDDIN S M，et al. Critical clearing time for droop-controlled grid-forming inverters with circular current limiting and virtual impedance current limiting [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Systems，2025，40（2）：1997-2000.

TAUL M G，WANG X，DAVARI P，et al. Robust fault ride through of converter-based generation during severe faults with phase jumps [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications，2020，56（1）：570-583.

HE X，GENG H，XI J，et al. Resynchronization analysis and improvement of grid-connected VSCs during grid faults [J ] .IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics，2021，9（1）：438-450.

GENG H，LIU L，LI R. Synchronization and reactive current support of PMSG-based wind farm during severe grid fault [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy，2018，9（4）：1596-1604.

PAWAR B，BATZELIS E，CHAKRABARTI S，et al. Grid-forming control for solar PV systems with power reserves [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy，2021，12（4）：1947-1959.

BAECKELAND N，YANG B，SEO G S. Transient stability-enhancing method for grid-forming inverters under current limiting [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2025，40（5）：6714-6725.

李建林，邹菲，游洪灏，等. 构网型储能变流器自适应低电压穿越控制策略 [J ] .电工技术学报，2025，40（9）：2724-2737.

张澳，王鑫达，张学广. 弱电网下VSG-DFIG暂态功角稳定性分析及优化策略 [J ] .电力系统保护与控制，2024，52（22）：73-81.

黄炳政，陈俊儒，刘牧阳，等. 基于自适应虚拟阻抗的构网型变流器暂态稳定性提升策略研究 [J ] .电力系统保护与控制，2025，53（12）：57-68.

WANG K，SONG Q，LIU W，et al. Reactive power characteristics and FRT strategy for grid-forming converters with virtual impedance-based current limiting [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion，2025，40（2）：1165-1177.

YE H，CHEN W，WU H. Analysis of the existence of stable equilibrium points in the WPP-MMC system under symmetrical AC fault [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy，2025，16（1）：95-106.

金国彬，杨阳，辛业春，等. 新能源经柔直外送系统的暂态同步稳定性分析 [J ] .电力系统保护与控制，2025，53（8）：14-23.

QIU Z，WANG Y，XIAO X，et al. Transient stability analysis of grid-forming /grid-following paralleled system using improved sum-of-squares programming[J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery，2025，40（6）：3369-3381.

TAN T，HE S，GAO Y，et al. Coordinated FRT control for paralleled grid-following and grid-forming generators connected to weak grid [J ] .Processes，2025，13（12）：3816.

YI X，PENG Y，ZHOU Q，et al. Transient synchronization stability analysis and enhancement of paralleled converters considering different current injection strategies [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy，2022，13（4）：1957-1968.

MISHAN R. Angular stability analysis of parallel connected grid-following PV inverters [C ] //2023 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference（TPEC）.Piscataway，NJ，USA，2023：1-6.

HE X，GENG H. PLL synchronization stability of grid-connected multiconverter systems [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications，2022，58（1）：830-842.

SHEN C，SHEN X，ZHAO B，et al. Coordinated FRT control for paralleled grid-forming converters with enhanced transient stability and current control flexibility [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications，2024，60（2）：3653-3663.

WANG J，ZHANG X，LI M. Transient stability analysis and improvement of multiparalleled virtual synchronous generators grid-connected system [J ] .IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics，2024，12（4）：4094-4105.

WANG Z，GUO L，LI X，et al. Transient stability analysis of multiparallel grid-forming converters considering active and reactive power control coupling and current limiting [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2025，40（9）：13615-13631.

HE X，PAN S，GENG H. Transient stability of hybrid power systems dominated by different types of grid-forming devices [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion，2022，37（2）：868-879.

LI Y，LU Y，YANG J，et al. Synchronization stability of multiple VSGs embedded power system with controller limits [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Systems，2025，40（1）：834-849.

LI F，LIN L，LI Y，et al. Synchronization stability of the MMC-connected wind farm under severe asymmetrical faults [J ] .IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems，2023，13（3）：680-691.

WANG J，DU W，FU Q，et al. Transient stability analysis of MMC-HVDC connected DFIG-based wind farms in the electromechanical timescale [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy，2026，17（1）：116-129.

QU Q，XIANG X，XIN K，et al. Transient stability analysis of hybrid GFL-GFM system considering various damping effects [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics，2025，72（12）：13334-13347.

SCHONLEBER K，PRIETO-ARAUJO E，RATES-PALAU S，et al. Extended current limitation for unbalanced faults in MMC-HVDC-connected wind power plants [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery，2018，33（4）：1875-1884.

YE H，CHEN W，WU H，et al. Enhanced AC fault ride-through control for MMC-integrated system based on active PCC voltage drop [J ] .Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy，2023，11（4）：1316-1330.

XU C，ZOU Z，YANG J，et al. Transient stability analysis and enhancement of grid-forming and grid-following converters [J ] .IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics，2024，5（4）：1396-1408.

DING Y，GAO F，HOU K，et al. Transient stability analysis and enhancement of an islanded microgrid with grid-forming converters and grid-following converters [C ] //2024 4th Power System and Green Energy Conference（PSGEC）.Shanghai，China，2024：1362-1367.

HUANG S，YAO J，YANG D，et al. Coupling mechanism analysis and stabilization improvement for hybrid system with GFL and GFM converters under grid faults [J ] .IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery，2025，40（6）：3508-3520.

ZHAO H，ZONG Q，ZHOU H，et al. Frequency-voltage active support strategy for hybrid wind farms based on grid-following and grid-forming hierarchical subgroup control [J ] .CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems，2025，11（1）：65-77.

RAFIEE Z，HEYDARI R，RAFIEE M，et al. Enhancement of the LVRT capability for DFIG-based wind farms based on short-circuit capacity [J ] .IEEE Systems Journal，2022，16（2）：3237-3248.

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Study on Large Scale Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Power Plant Accident Transient Operating Characteristics

Field Checkout Method of TPY Class Current Transformer Transient Characteristics in UHV Substation

Research on Wind Power Intelligent Forecasting and Deviation Management for Electricity Market Deviation Assessment

Assessment Method for Large-scale Renewable Energy Power Supply Capacity Based on BWN-CRITIC Method

Offshore Wind Power Prediction Incorporating Multivariate Typhoon Meteorological Factors

Related Author

OUYANG Liping

LIU Dichen

ZHAO Jie

YUN Lei

DONG Chao

石吉银

Related Institution

School of Electrical Engineering， Wuhan University

State Grid Fujian Electric Power Research Institute

AI问答

⁰