Fault classification in photovoltaic (PV) systems is crucial for ensuring the stable operation of power systems. To address the limitations of traditional algorithms, which are prone to misclassifying fault types under similar scenarios, this paper proposes a Transformer model-based method for PV system fault classification and prediction. A multi-fault dataset is constructed through PV system simulations, encompassing no-fault conditions, partial shading (mild, moderate, and severe), and short-circuit faults. The proposed Transformer hybrid architecture leverages self-attention mechanisms to capture global dependencies among fault features, integrates a U-Net decoder to optimize temporal feature extraction, dynamically adjusts parameters via ReLU activation functions and the Adam optimizer, and employs SoftMax functions for multi-level fault classification. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively captures the spatiotemporal interaction patterns of fault characteristics, exhibiting superior classification accuracy and robustness in complex fault scenarios. This approach provides a reliable solution for PV system fault diagnosis.
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