Introduction to high energy density sodium-ion battery cathode materials and analysis of their low-temperature performance

LIU Yulong; CAO Renke; XIA Jiyan; WANG Jiashun; LIU Xiuzhen; LIU Zhaomeng; GAO Xuanwen

doi:10.19944/j.eptep.1674-8069.2025.03.009

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Introduction to high energy density sodium-ion battery cathode materials and analysis of their low-temperature performance

Energy storage technology and its application on the generation side of power systems | 更新时间：2026-10-14

- Introduction to high energy density sodium-ion battery cathode materials and analysis of their low-temperature performance
- Electric Power Technology and Environmental Protection Vol. 41, Issue 3, Pages: 437-452(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  东北大学冶金学院，辽宁沈阳 110000
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19944/j.eptep.1674-8069.2025.03.009
  CLC： TK02;TM912
- Received：24 March 2025，
  
  Accepted：10 May 2025，
  
  Published：15 June 2025
- 稿件说明：
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刘玉龙,曹仁可,夏继岩，等.高比能钠离子电池正极材料低温性能研究进展[J].电力科技与环保,2025,41(3):437-452.

LIU Yulong, CAO Renke, XIA Jiyan, et al. Introduction to high energy density sodium-ion battery cathode materials and analysis of their low-temperature performance[J]. Electric Power Technology and Environmental Protection, 2025, 41(3):437-452.
刘玉龙,曹仁可,夏继岩，等.高比能钠离子电池正极材料低温性能研究进展[J].电力科技与环保,2025,41(3):437-452. DOI： 10.19944/j.eptep.1674-8069.2025.03.009.

LIU Yulong, CAO Renke, XIA Jiyan, et al. Introduction to high energy density sodium-ion battery cathode materials and analysis of their low-temperature performance[J]. Electric Power Technology and Environmental Protection, 2025, 41(3):437-452. DOI： 10.19944/j.eptep.1674-8069.2025.03.009.

摘要

目的

钠离子电池（sodium-ion batteries，SIBs）因钠资源丰富、成本低、安全性高，被视为锂离子电池的潜在替代技术。然而，其在低温环境（如-20℃）下的容量衰减、充电效率下降等问题严重限制了其应用。本文综述了高比能钠离子电池正极材料的研究进展，分析其低温性能衰退机理，并探讨通过材料改性提升低温性能的策略，为钠离子电池在储能等极端环境下的应用提供理论支持。

方法

系统分析了过渡金属氧化物、聚阴离子类材料和普鲁士蓝类似物三类主流正极材料的低温性能限制及失效机理，包括低温下电解液黏度增加、电极材料结构收缩、界面阻抗增大等问题。聚焦三种改性策略：表面包覆、离子掺杂和微观结构调控；

结果

研究表明，改性策略显著提升了正极材料的低温性能：1）表面包覆：AlO

ₓ

包覆的O3-NaMn

0.6

0.4

O₂（NMA@AlO

ₓ

）在-20℃下循环100次后容量保持率达83.2%；碳包覆的Na₃MnZr（PO₄）₃@C-rGO在-15℃下放电容量达94.7 mA·h/g，循环1 500次后容量保持率79.6%；2）离子掺杂：Nb掺杂的P2-Na

0.75

0.31

0.67

0.02

O₂（P2-NaMNNb）在-40℃下以368 mA/g循环1 800次后容量保持率76%；K⁺掺杂的Na₂KV₂（PO₄）₃在-25 ℃下容量保持72 mA·h/g，优于未掺杂材料；3）结构调控：具有（010）活性晶面的单晶O3-NaCrO₂（NCO-AC）在-20 ℃下循环100 次后容量保持率97.2%；普鲁士蓝/碳纳米管复合材料在-25 ℃、6C倍率下仍保持52 mA·h/g容量。

结论

钠离子电池正极材料的低温性能可通过表面包覆、离子掺杂和微观结构调控等策略显著提升。表面包覆改善界面稳定性，离子掺杂优化晶格动力学，微观结构调控增强离子扩散效率。然而，低温下电解液适配性、材料长期循环稳定性及规模化生产仍是挑战。未来需结合多学科技术，如电解液改性、多离子共掺杂等，推动高性能正极材料的开发与商业化应用，以满足极端环境下的储能需求。

Abstract

Objective

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs)

with advantages such as abundant sodium resources

low cost

and high safety

are considered a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries. However

their poor low-temperature performance (e.g.

capacity retention below 60% at -20°C and reduced charging efficiency) severely limits their applications. This paper aims to review recent advances in high-energy-density cathode materials for SIBs

analyze the mechanisms behind their low-temperature performance degradation

and explore modification strategies to enhance their viability in extreme environments like energy storage systems and electric vehicles.

Methods

The study systematically evaluates the limitations of three mainstream cathode materials transition metal oxides

polyanion compounds

and Prussian blue analogs—under low-temperature conditions. Key failure mechanisms include increased electrolyte viscosity

structural contraction of electrode materials

and interfacial impedance growth. To address these issues

three modification strategies are investigated.

Results

The modification strategies significantly improved low-temperature performance:1)Surface Coating: AlO

ₓ

-coated O3-NaMn

0.6

0.4

(NMA@AlO

ₓ

) retained 83.2% capacity after 100 cycles at -20 ℃; carbon-coated Na

MnZr(PO

)

@C-rGO delivered 94.7 mA·h/g at -15°C with 79.6% capacity retention after 1500 cycles.2)Ion Doping: Nb-doped P2-Na

0.75

0.31

0.67

0.02

(P2-NaMNNb) maintained 76% capacity after 1 800 cycles at -40 °C and 368 mA/g; K⁺-doped Na

(PO

)

achieved 72 mA·h/g at -25°C

outperforming undoped materials.3)Structural Optimization: Single-crystal O3-NaCrO₂ (NCO-AC)

with (010) active facets retained 97.2% capacity after 100 cycles at -20°C; Prussian blue/carbon nanotube (PB/CNT) composites exhibited 52 mA·h/g at -25°C under 6C rate.

Conclusion

The low-temperature performance of SIB cathodes can be markedly enhanced through surface coating

ion doping

and microstructural engineering. These strategies improve interfacial stability

lattice dynamics

and ion diffusion efficiency. However

challenges remain in electrolyte compatibility

long-term cyclability

and scalable production. Future research should integrate multidisciplinary approaches (e.g.

electrolyte optimization

multi-ion co-doping) to advance high-performance cathode materials and accelerate their commercialization for energy storage in extreme environments.

关键词

Keywords

references

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