Hydrogen storage and ice storage are promising

environmentally friendly energy storage technologies. However

there are few investigations on the optimal configuration of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) for remote off-grid areas with localized scenarios. This paper proposes a new optimal configuration of an off-grid PV/wind/hydrogen/cooling system. Given three performance indices for evaluating HRES

i.e.

the levelized cost of energy (LCOE)

the loss of power supply possibility (LPSP)

and the power curtailment rate (PCR)

we use the ε-constraint method that formulates LCOE as the objective

while LPSP and PCR serve as constraints. Furthermore

to solve the optimal size of HRES

an improved salp swarm algorithm (ISSA) is proposed. The simulation results show that for an off-grid remote community

the LCOE

LPSP

and PCR of the optimal HRES configuration can achieve $0.31/kWh

5.00%

and 7.23%

respectively. The comparison of different systems illustrates that adding ice storage in the HRES with hydrogen storage will decrease the LCOE by 27.12%. In addition

compared with other heuristic algorithms

such as SSA

ISSA offers the configuration with the minimum LCOE. The hydrogen-ice storage system is economically significant to off-grid areas with cooling load demand

and the proposed ISSA has excellent accuracy.