The pullout performance of the anchorage system is a key indicator for assessing the effectiveness of rock mass reinforcement. However

existing pullout tests

though widely used

fail to accurately simulate the stiffness of the actual rock mass

reveal the radial mechanical response

and analyze failure modes. To address these issues

this study designed a combination of aluminum sleeves and rock to simulate a soft rock environment and conducted pullout tests on the anchorage system under the stiffness conditions of a soft rock environment. Results indicate two dominant failure modes in a soft-rock environment: rock-splitting failure and unsplit failure

with the corresponding pullout curves showing post-peak sharp drop and post-peak gradual drop

respectively. A significant correlation exists between radial stress and failure mode: peak radial stress ranges from 4 MPa to 10 MPa for rock-splitting failure and 2 MPa to 4 MPa for unsplit failure. Moreover

the anchorage length has the most significant impact on the peak load

while the anchorage length and grout strength are the main factors affecting the failure mode of the anchorage system.