Faced with the continuous increase in electricity demand and the growing complexity of energy scenarios

high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technology is undergoing profound transformations. Although China has made significant progress in this field

it still encounters numerous technological bottlenecks and innovation requirements. As the core component of HVDC transmission systems

the converters technological evolution is the key driving force for the development of the entire field. This article systematically outlines the development path of HVDC transmission technology

provides an in-depth comparison of the working principles and characteristics of different converters

and elaborates on the latest advancements and development trends of converters under various technical routes. Based on the diversity of scenario requirements

the future development direction of HVDC transmission is analyzed. Finally

in response to the complex challenges within the HVDC transmission field

key supporting technologies that urgently require breakthroughs have been identified with strategic insights

and recommendations for the long-term technological development of HVDC transmission.