Analysis of the Spain 4·28 Major Power Blackout and Its Implications on China's Power Development

WANG She; LIANG Shuang; LIU Siwei; HUANG Linghui

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011

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Analysis of the Spain 4·28 Major Power Blackout and Its Implications on China's Power Development

更新时间：2025-12-20

- Analysis of the Spain 4·28 Major Power Blackout and Its Implications on China's Power Development
- Vol. 58, Issue 11, Pages: 146-155(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  中国国际工程咨询有限公司,北京,100048
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011
  CLC：
- Published Online：01 December 2025，
  
  Published：01 December 2025
- 稿件说明：
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王涉, 梁双, 刘斯伟, 黄铃惠. 西班牙4·28大停电事故分析及对中国电力发展的启示[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(11): 146-155.

WANG She, LIANG Shuang, LIU Siwei, et al. Analysis of the Spain 4·28 Major Power Blackout and Its Implications on China's Power Development[J]. 2025, 58(11): 146-155.
王涉, 梁双, 刘斯伟, 黄铃惠. 西班牙4·28大停电事故分析及对中国电力发展的启示[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(11): 146-155. DOI： 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011.

WANG She, LIANG Shuang, LIU Siwei, et al. Analysis of the Spain 4·28 Major Power Blackout and Its Implications on China's Power Development[J]. 2025, 58(11): 146-155. DOI： 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011.

摘要

2025年4月28日西班牙突发全国性大停电，波及葡萄牙、法国、比利时等国家，停电人口超过5000万人，其中西班牙与葡萄牙电网分别损失约55%和98%的负荷，持续时间26 h，直接经济损失超过200亿欧元。首先，介绍了西班牙电力系统的电源、电网和负荷概况，梳理了事故前系统运行状态、事故发生过程和恢复过程，分析了停电事故的直接原因和深层原因；然后，结合近年来全球发生的多起大停电事故，剖析了高比例新能源系统安全运行面临的“高波动、易振荡、弱支撑、难恢复”四重风险；最后，结合中国电力系统实际，提出了建设新型电力系统的相关措施建议。

Abstract

On April 28

2025

a nationwide blackout occurred in Spain

affecting Portugal

France

Belgium and other countries with a population of more than 50 million

of which Spain and Portugal lost about 55% and 98% of the load respectively. The event lasted for 26 hours

resulting in direct economic losses exceeding €20 billion. This paper begins by outlining the composition of the power system

covering its generation grid

and load profiles. It then details the pre-incident operational status

the process of blackout itself

and the restoration process

followed by an analysis of both the direct and root causes. By examining this event alongside other major global blackouts in recent years

the paper identifies four key risks to the secure operation of the power systems with a high penetration of renewable energy: "high volatility

susceptibility to oscillations

weak system support

and difficult restoration". Finally

based on the reality of China's power system

the paper proposes relevant measures and recommendations for building a new type of power system.

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Keywords

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