Design of a 2-DOF-PID controller using an improved sine–cosine algorithm for load frequency control of a three-area system with nonlinearities

Neelesh Kumar Gupta; Manoj Kumar Kar; Arun Kumar Singh

doi:10.1186/s41601-022-00255-w

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Design of a 2-DOF-PID controller using an improved sine–cosine algorithm for load frequency control of a three-area system with nonlinearities

Original Research | 更新时间：2026-09-30

- Design of a 2-DOF-PID controller using an improved sine–cosine algorithm for load frequency control of a three-area system with nonlinearities
- Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems Vol. 7, Issue 3, Pages: 1-18(2022)
- 作者机构：
  
  Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand,India
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.1186/s41601-022-00255-w
  CLC：
- Published：01 July 2022
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Neelesh Kumar Gupta, Manoj Kumar Kar, Arun Kumar Singh. Design of a 2-DOF-PID controller using an improved sine–cosine algorithm for load frequency control of a three-area system with nonlinearities[J]. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 2022, 7(3): 1-18.
DOI：

Neelesh Kumar Gupta, Manoj Kumar Kar, Arun Kumar Singh. Design of a 2-DOF-PID controller using an improved sine–cosine algorithm for load frequency control of a three-area system with nonlinearities[J]. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 2022, 7(3): 1-18. DOI： 10.1186/s41601-022-00255-w.

摘要

This paper proposes an improved sine-cosine algorithm (ISCA) based 2-DOF-PID controller for load frequency control. A three-area test system is built for study

while some physical constraints (nonlinearities) are considered for the investigation of a realistic power system. The proposed method is used as the parameter optimizer of the LFC controller in different scenarios. The 2-DOF-PID controllers are used because of their capability of fast disturbance rejection without significant increase of overshoot in set-point tracking. The 2-DOF-PID controllers' efficacy is observed by examining the responses with the outcomes obtained with PID and FOPID controllers. The simulation results with the suggested scheme are correlated with some of the existing algorithms

such as SCA

SSA

ALO

and PSO in three different scenarios

i.e.

a disturbance in two areas

in three areas

and in the presence of physical constraints. In addition

the study is extended to a four-area power system. Statistical analysis is performed using the Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test (WSRT) on 20 independent runs. This confirms the supremacy of the proposed method.

Abstract

This paper proposes an improved sine–cosine algorithm (ISCA) based 2-DOF-PID controller for load frequency control. A three-area test system is built for study

while some physical constraints (nonlinearities) are considered for the investigation of a realistic power system. The proposed method is used as the parameter optimizer of the LFC controller in different scenarios. The 2-DOF-PID controllers are used because of their capability of fast disturbance rejection without significant increase of overshoot in set-point tracking. The 2-DOF-PID controllers’ efficacy is observed by examining the responses with the outcomes obtained with PID and FOPID controllers. The simulation results with the suggested scheme are correlated with some of the existing algorithms

such as SCA

SSA

ALO

and PSO in three different scenarios

i.e.

a disturbance in two areas

in three areas

and in the presence of physical constraints. In addition

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