The paradigm shift towards electric mobility has catalysed a substantial surge in research endeavours aimed at augmenting both the performance

life

and durability of lithium-ion batteries deployed within the confines of small electric vehicles. At the crux of this pursuit lies the imperative development of robust battery thermal management systems

indispensable for the meticulous regulation of battery temperature

thereby ensuring seamless operation and bolstering safety protocols. This review paper undertakes a comprehensive synthesis of recent strides achieved in battery thermal management systems for small electric vehicles propelled by lithium-ion batteries. Encompassing a spectrum of methodologies

ranging from passive to active cooling techniques

alongside the incorporation of phase change materials and innovative thermal interface materials

it critically evaluates these strategies. Furthermore

the discourse navigates through the prevailing challenges and charts out prospective trajectories in this domain

poised to foster the evolution of efficient and dependable battery thermal management systems tailored specifically for small electric vehicles. Numerous investigations have focused on the thermal regulation of lithium-ion batteries. Despite the prevalent excitement surrounding small electric vehicles today

the crucial matter of implementing effective battery thermal management systems in small electric vehicles has not received adequate attention

potentially diminishing customer satisfaction with small electric vehicle performance. Thus

the current study aims to delve into the thermal optimization of lithium-ion batteries for small electric vehicles. Initially

the study investigates into discussing design parameters for battery thermal management systems

referencing research conducted on thermal stability

particularly concerning thermal runaway

and the performance of electric vehicles in subzero temperatures regarding battery thermal management systems. Furthermore

the study places emphasis on reviewing and analysing various theoretical and practical heat transfer techniques applied by researchers to lithium-ion batteries to enhance battery thermal management systems. Consequently

the paper’s novel contribution lies in bridging the gap between researchers and manufacturers regarding battery thermal management systems in small electric vehicles

thus propelling innovative battery designs for improved battery thermal management systems in small electric vehicles.