Yifei Sun, Xiao Wang, Hengshan Mao, et al. Neural Network Surrogate for Multi-Criteria Coordinated Model Predictive Control of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stations With Bound Tightening[J]. IET Energy Systems Integration, 2026, 8(1).
DOI:
Yifei Sun, Xiao Wang, Hengshan Mao, et al. Neural Network Surrogate for Multi-Criteria Coordinated Model Predictive Control of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stations With Bound Tightening[J]. IET Energy Systems Integration, 2026, 8(1).DOI: 10.1049/esi2.70056.
Neural Network Surrogate for Multi-Criteria Coordinated Model Predictive Control of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stations With Bound Tightening
摘要
State-of-charge (SOC) inconsistency among units in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) stations causes voltage-limit violations and premature charge/discharge cutoffs
thereby degrading station-level energy utilization and dispatch performance. This paper proposes a station-level multi-objective coordinated model predictive control (MPC) strategy using a mixed-integer-representable ReLU neural surrogate and hybrid bound tightening. The main innovation is to integrate OCV-reference selection
SOC-equalising station-level MPC and feasibility-based/optimization-based bound tightening (FBBT + OBBT) into a unified control-oriented framework that preserves terminal-voltage safety whilst reducing online computational burden. First
an open-circuit-voltage (OCV) reference trajectory is selected at the single-stack level to operate in a high flow-rate sensitivity region and mitigate concentration polarization. Second
a station-level MPC formulation jointly tracks the OCV reference
equalises inter-cabin SOC and satisfies dispatch requirements under voltage
concentration
current and power constraints. Third
a ReLU-based surrogate replaces the nonlinear electrochemical model and is embedded into the MPC through Big-M constraints
whilst the bilinear power term is handled by McCormick envelopes. The hybrid FBBT + OBBT scheme tightens neuron bounds by 28.64%–59.24% and reduces preprocessing time by 14% compared with pure OBBT. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy shortens charging time by about 10%
improves voltage efficiency from 75.59% to 79.95%
improves energy efficiency from 71.20% to 74.64% and reduces station-level charge/discharge actions from 31 to 29 under the same 100 MWh dispatch target
demonstrating improved safety
efficiency
SOC consistency and operational economy.
Abstract
State-of-charge (SOC) inconsistency among units in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) stations causes voltage-limit violations and premature charge/discharge cutoffs
thereby degrading station-level energy utilization and dispatch performance. This paper proposes a station-level multi-objective coordinated model predictive control (MPC) strategy using a mixed-integer-representable ReLU neural surrogate and hybrid bound tightening. The main innovation is to integrate OCV-reference selection
SOC-equalising station-level MPC and feasibility-based/optimization-based bound tightening (FBBT + OBBT) into a unified control-oriented framework that preserves terminal-voltage safety whilst reducing online computational burden. First
an open-circuit-voltage (OCV) reference trajectory is selected at the single-stack level to operate in a high flow-rate sensitivity region and mitigate concentration polarization. Second
a station-level MPC formulation jointly tracks the OCV reference
equalises inter-cabin SOC and satisfies dispatch requirements under voltage
concentration
current and power constraints. Third
a ReLU-based surrogate replaces the nonlinear electrochemical model and is embedded into the MPC through Big-M constraints
whilst the bilinear power term is handled by McCormick envelopes. The hybrid FBBT + OBBT scheme tightens neuron bounds by 28.64%–59.24% and reduces preprocessing time by 14% compared with pure OBBT. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy shortens charging time by about 10%
improves voltage efficiency from 75.59% to 79.95%
improves energy efficiency from 71.20% to 74.64% and reduces station-level charge/discharge actions from 31 to 29 under the same 100 MWh dispatch target
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