This study introduces an optimised capacity configuration for park integrated energy systems (PIES) to boost energy efficiency

ensure power supply reliability and economy

and advance low-carbon operations. The approach integrates seasonal aspects and flexible load participation's impact on renewable energy absorption

using an enhanced K-means clustering algorithm with mixed-integer linear programming. It includes: (1) creating a probability density model from wind and solar data to categorise power generation scenarios across seasons; (2) integrating flexible loads into PIES optimisation

analysing technology combinations and output distributions; (3) developing a model for electricity

heat

and multi-energy coupling to assess cross-seasonal supply-demand matching; (4) establishing an optimisation model for inter-seasonal energy storage considering operational costs. Case studies confirm the benefits of seasonal factors

flexible load participation

energy coupling

storage

and seasonal dispatch on PIES efficiency and economy.