Integrated-energy systems (IESs) are key to advancing renewable-energy utilization and addressing environmental challenges.Key components of IESs include low-carbon

economic dispatch and demand response

for maximizing renewable-energy consumption and supporting sustainable-energy systems.User participation is central to demand response; however

many users are not inclined to engage actively; therefore

the full potential of demand response remains unrealized.User satisfaction must be prioritized in demandresponse assessments.This study proposed a two-stage

capacity-optimization configuration method for user-level energy systems considering thermal inertia and user satisfaction.This method addresses load coordination and complementary issues within the IES and seeks to minimize the annual

total cost for determining equipment capacity configurations while introducing models for system thermal inertia and user satisfaction.Indoor heating is adjusted

for optimizing device output and load profiles

with a focus on typical

daily

economic

and environmental objectives.The study findings indicate that the system thermal inertia optimizes energy-system scheduling considering user satisfaction.This optimization mitigates environmental concerns and enhances clean-energy integration.