Within the micromechanical framework

the macroscopic stress is explicitly formulated. Its deviatoric components are decomposed into two components

respectively related to the contact force anisotropy and the fabric anisotropy. A new anisotropic strength criterion is established in terms of micromechanically-based stress components. With reference to the existing micro-macroscopically experimental and theoretical investigations

this study further accounts for the effects of loading manner on hardening law

and reveals the microscopic mechanism of non-coaxiality. This analysis shows that both strength and plastic deformation demonstrate their macroscopic anisotropic behaviors as a result of fabric anisotropy on microscopic level. The strength anisotropy tends to be associated with inherently anisotropic fabric whereas induced plastic anisotropy is associated with the evolution of induced fabric anisotropy in the process of plastic hardening. Under proportional loading

soil displays its isotropic hardening law and coaxial plasticity. Under non-proportional loading

soil demonstrates its isotropic-kinematic hardening law and non-coaxial plasticity.