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摘要
液态金属电池（Liquid Metal Batteries
LMBs）作为一种极具潜力的大规模电化学储能技术，具有高电流密度、长循环寿命、低成本及易规模化等核心优势，在可再生能源消纳、电网调峰填谷及微电网稳定等领域展现出广阔应用前景。该综述系统梳理了液态金属电池自诞生以来的发展历程，从电极材料体系优化、多物理场耦合机制解析、状态估计与成组管理技术三个关键维度，全面综述了近年来的研究进展。重点分析了锂基、钠基、钙基等主流体系的电极材料改性策略，磁流体不稳定性等多场耦合问题的调控方法，以及基于模型与数据驱动的状态估计技术突破。深入探讨了当前液态金属电池面临的材料成本、界面腐蚀、工程化应用等技术瓶颈，并结合材料科学、电化学工程与人工智能的交叉融合趋势，提出了多组元智能材料设计、多场协同调控、全生命周期智能化管理等未来发展方向。
Abstract
As a promising large-scale electrochemical energy storage technology
liquid metal batteries ( LMBs ) have the core advantages of high current density
long cycle life
low cost and easy scale-up
showing broad application prospects in the fields of renewable energy consumption
power grid peak shaving and valley filling
and microgrid stability. This review systematically reviews the development process of liquid metal batteries since their birth
and comprehensively summarizes the research progress in recent years from three key dimensions : electrode material system optimization
multi-physical field coupling mechanism analysis
state estimation and group management technology. The electrode material modification strategies of lithium-based
sodium-based
calcium-based and other mainstream systems
the regulation methods of multi-field coupling problems such as magnetic fluid instability
and the breakthrough of state estimation technology based on model and data-driven are analyzed. The technical bottlenecks of liquid metal batteries
such as material cost
interface corrosion and engineering application
are discussed in depth. Combined with the cross-integration trend of material science
electrochemical engineering and artificial intelligence
the future development directions of multi-component intelligent material design
multi-field collaborative regulation and intelligent management of the whole life cycle are proposed.
关键词
Keywords
references
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Bradwell D J, Kim H, Sirk A, et al. Magnesium-Antimony Liquid Metal Battery for Stationary Energy Storage[J]. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 2012,134(4):1895-1897.
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Huy V, So S, Kim I T, et al. Self-healing gallium phosphide embedded in a hybrid matrix for high-performance Li-ion batteries[J]. ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS, 2021,34:669-681.
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Ouchi T, Kim H, Spatocco B L, et al. Calcium-based multi-element chemistry for grid-scale electrochemical energy storage[J]. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 2016,7.
Zhang J, Wang X Q, Su T, et al. Calculation of thermic and electric properties and valence electron structure for metallic electrodes of Na∥Sb-Pb-Sn liquid metal battery[J]. ACTA PHYSICA SINICA, 2021,70(8).
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Li H M, Wang K L, Zhou H, et al. Tellurium-tin based electrodes enabling liquid metal batteries for high specific energy storage applications[J]. ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS, 2018,14:267-271.
Zhou Y, Li G Q, Li B X, et al. Operando formation of multi-channel positive electrode achieved via tellurium alloying in liquid metal[J]. ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS, 2022,53:927-936.
Cairns E J, Crouthamel C E, Fischer A K, et al. GALVANIC CELLS WITH FUSED-SALT ELECTROLYTES.[J]. 1967.
Wang K L, Jiang K, Chung B, et al. Lithium-antimony-lead liquid metal battery for grid-level energy storage[J]. NATURE, 2014,514(7522):348.
张健. 液态金属电池电极的价电子结构与其热-电性能的关联性[D]. 华北电力大学(北京), 2021.
AGRUSS B, KARAS H R. The Thermally Regenerative Liquid Metal Concentration Cell[M]//AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 1967:62-81.
Herreman W, Nore C, Ramos P Z, et al. Numerical simulation of electrovortex flows in cylindrical fluid layers and liquid metal batteries[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW FLUIDS, 2019,4(11).
Herreman W, Nore C, Cappanera L, et al. Tayler instability in liquid metal columns and liquid metal batteries[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2015,771:79-114.
Stefani F, Galindo V, Kasprzyk C, et al. Magnetohydrodynamic effects in liquid metal batteries[J]. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 2016,143.
Stefani F, Weier T, Gundrum T, et al. How to circumvent the size limitation of liquid metal batteries due to the Tayler instability[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2011,52(8):2982-2986.
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Bojarevics V, Tucs A. MHD of Large Scale Liquid Metal Batteries: LIGHT METALS 2017[Z]. RATVIK A P. 146th TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition / Conference on Light Metals / 8th Symposium on Microstructural Progresses in Irradiated Materials (MPIM) / Symposium on Materials for High Temperature Applications - Next Generation Superalloys and Beyond: 2017687-692.
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林靖. 液态金属电池建模及充电策略优化[D]. 华中科技大学, 2021.
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Dunn B, Kamath H, Tarascon J M. Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices[J]. SCIENCE, 2011,334(6058):928-935.
Rahman M M, Oni A O, Gemechu E, et al. Assessment of energy storage technologies: A review[J]. ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT, 2020,223.
Lu X C, Xia G G, Lemmon J P, et al. Advanced materials for sodium-beta alumina batteries: Status, challenges and perspectives[J]. JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, 2010,195(9):2431-2442.
Kim H, Boysen D A, Newhouse J M, et al. Liquid Metal Batteries: Past, Present, and Future[J]. CHEMICAL REVIEWS, 2013,113(3):2075-2099.
Chen X Y, Yi L G, Liu J L, et al. Ionic liquid-based self-healing gel electrolyte for high-performance lithium metal batteries[J]. JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, 2024,603.
Bradwell D J, Kim H, Sirk A, et al. Magnesium-Antimony Liquid Metal Battery for Stationary Energy Storage[J]. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 2012,134(4):1895-1897.
Zhang Y, Manaig D, Freschi D J, et al. Materials design and fundamental understanding of tellurium-based electrochemistry for rechargeable batteries[J]. ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS, 2021,40:166-188.
Chen X Y, Yi L G, Liu J L, et al. Ionic liquid-based self-healing gel electrolyte for high-performance lithium metal batteries[J]. JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, 2024,603.
Yu M H, Cao C M, Sa Z C, et al. Liquid metal alchemy: Unlocking self-healing gallium-based materials for next-generation electronics[J]. MATERIALS SCIENCE ENGINEERING R-REPORTS, 2025,166.
Wang H, Wang P P, Feng Y P, et al. Recent Advances on Self-Healing Materials and Batteries[J]. CHEMELECTROCHEM, 2019,6(6):1605-1622.
Huy V, So S, Kim I T, et al. Self-healing gallium phosphide embedded in a hybrid matrix for high-performance Li-ion batteries[J]. ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS, 2021,34:669-681.
Wang J W, Hu M Y, Zhu Y Y, et al. Suppression of Dendrites by a Self-Healing Elastic Interface in a Sodium Metal Battery[J]. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS INTERFACES, 2023,15(13):16598-16606.
Li H M, Wang K L, Cheng S J, et al. High Performance Liquid Metal Battery with Environmentally Friendly Antimony-Tin Positive Electrode[J]. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS INTERFACES, 2016,8(20):12830-12835.
Guo Y W, Dong J Y, Cu Q, et al. High performance sodium-based liquid metal batteries based on low-melting-point multi-cation molten salt electrolytes[J]. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, 2025,523.
Li X W, Li S J, Zhang Z X, et al. High-performance polymeric ionic liquid-silica hybrid ionogel electrolytes for lithium metal batteries[J]. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, 2016,4(36):13822-13829.
Lin W J, Chen D Y, Lin P H, et al. Moderately Solvating Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries[J]. ENERGY FUELS, 2025,39(11):5622-5632.
Leung P K, Heck S C, Amietszajew T, et al. Performance and polarization studies of the magnesium-antimony liquid metal battery with the use of in-situ Reference electrode[J]. RSC ADVANCES, 2015,5(101):83096-83105.
井文昌, 张志鸿, 刘香琛, 等. 新型液态金属电池材料体系及其相关技术的研究与进展[J]. 材料导报, 2025,39(01):222-238.
Ning X H, Phadke S, Chung B, et al. Self-healing Li-Bi liquid metal battery for grid-scale energy storage[J]. JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, 2015,275:370-376.
Yan S, Zhou X B, Li H M, et al. Utilizing in situ alloying reaction to achieve the self-healing, high energy density and cost-effective Li∥Sb liquid metal battery[J]. JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, 2021,514.
Qiu J, Wang D, Hwang J, et al. Dendrite-free Na deposition: Effects of the Na metal state on the deposition/ dissolution performance on β"-alumina solid electrolyte interface[J]. JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, 2024,612.
Pirayesh P, Jin E Z, Wang Y J, et al. Na metal anodes for liquid and solid-state Na batteries[J]. ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, 2024,17(2):442-496.
Fu M N, Zhang X L, Dong W J, et al. Optimizing Na plating/stripping by a liquid sodiophilic Ga-Sn-In alloy towards dendrite-poor sodium metal anodes[J]. ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS, 2023,63.
Zhou H, Li H M, Gong Q, et al. A sodium liquid metal battery based on the multi-cationic electrolyte for grid energy storage[J]. ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS, 2022,50:572-579.
Ouchi T, Kim H, Spatocco B L, et al. Calcium-based multi-element chemistry for grid-scale electrochemical energy storage[J]. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 2016,7.
Zhang J, Wang X Q, Su T, et al. Calculation of thermic and electric properties and valence electron structure for metallic electrodes of Na∥Sb-Pb-Sn liquid metal battery[J]. ACTA PHYSICA SINICA, 2021,70(8).
Poizeau S, Kim H, Newhouse J M, et al. Determination and modeling of the thermodynamic properties of liquid calcium-antimony alloys[J]. ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, 2012,76:8-15.
Newhouse J M, Poizeau S, Kim H, et al. Thermodynamic properties of calcium-magnesium alloys determined by emf measurements[J]. ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, 2013,91:293-301.
Bradwell D J, Kim H, Sirk A, et al. Magnesium-Antimony Liquid Metal Battery for Stationary Energy Storage[J]. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 2012,134(4):1895-1897.
杨款. 基于镓基液态金属的自修复型锂离子电池负极材料的研究[D]. 广西大学, 2023.
Rao S Q, Wu R Z, Zhu Z, et al. Tellurium filled carbon nanotubes cathodes for Li-Te batteries with high capacity and long-term cyclability[J]. NANO ENERGY, 2023,112.
Li H M, Wang K L, Zhou H, et al. Tellurium-tin based electrodes enabling liquid metal batteries for high specific energy storage applications[J]. ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS, 2018,14:267-271.
Zhou Y, Li G Q, Li B X, et al. Operando formation of multi-channel positive electrode achieved via tellurium alloying in liquid metal[J]. ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS, 2022,53:927-936.
Cairns E J, Crouthamel C E, Fischer A K, et al. GALVANIC CELLS WITH FUSED-SALT ELECTROLYTES.[J]. 1967.
Wang K L, Jiang K, Chung B, et al. Lithium-antimony-lead liquid metal battery for grid-level energy storage[J]. NATURE, 2014,514(7522):348.
张健. 液态金属电池电极的价电子结构与其热-电性能的关联性[D]. 华北电力大学(北京), 2021.
AGRUSS B, KARAS H R. The Thermally Regenerative Liquid Metal Concentration Cell[M]//AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 1967:62-81.
Herreman W, Nore C, Ramos P Z, et al. Numerical simulation of electrovortex flows in cylindrical fluid layers and liquid metal batteries[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW FLUIDS, 2019,4(11).
Herreman W, Nore C, Cappanera L, et al. Tayler instability in liquid metal columns and liquid metal batteries[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2015,771:79-114.
Stefani F, Galindo V, Kasprzyk C, et al. Magnetohydrodynamic effects in liquid metal batteries[J]. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 2016,143.
Stefani F, Weier T, Gundrum T, et al. How to circumvent the size limitation of liquid metal batteries due to the Tayler instability[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2011,52(8):2982-2986.
Weber N, Galindo V, Stefani F, et al. Current-driven flow instabilities in large-scale liquid metal batteries, and how to tame them[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014,265:166-173.
左晓忠. 方形截面液态金属电池磁流体不稳定性及母线抑制方法研究[D]. 大连理工大学, 2024.
陈保志. 圆柱形液态金属电池内磁流体不稳定性不同抑制方法比较研究[D]. 大连理工大学, 2024.
Zikanov O. Metal pad instabilities in liquid metal batteries[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW E, 2015,92(6).
Bojarevics V, Tucs A. MHD of Large Scale Liquid Metal Batteries: LIGHT METALS 2017[Z]. RATVIK A P. 146th TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition / Conference on Light Metals / 8th Symposium on Microstructural Progresses in Irradiated Materials (MPIM) / Symposium on Materials for High Temperature Applications - Next Generation Superalloys and Beyond: 2017687-692.
Weber N, Beckstein P, Herreman W, et al. Sloshing instability and electrolyte layer rupture in liquid metal batteries[J]. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS, 2017,29(5).
谢宏亮. 液态金属电池正极与电解质设计及性能研究[D]. 北京科技大学, 2023.
姜治安. 锂基液态金属电池的研究[D]. 昆明理工大学, 2017.
闫帅. 锑/铋基液态金属电池高电压电极设计与界面特性研究[D]. 华中科技大学, 2024.
井文昌, 张志鸿, 刘香琛, 等. 新型液态金属电池材料体系及其相关技术的研究与进展[J]. 材料导报, 2025,39(01):222-238.
崔凯旋. 液态金属电池锑锡正极腐蚀失效机制分析及稳定化策略研究[D]. 北京科技大学, 2022.
周浩. 钠基液态金属电池复合阳离子氯化物电解质设计与电极优化[D]. 华中科技大学, 2024.
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