Electric Bicycle Battery Swapping Station Operation Scheduling Towards Day-ahead Market Invitation

In China, electric bicycles are one of the most common means of transportation, with millions of food delivery riders as loyal users. As a safe and efficient recharging method, massive electric bicycle battery swapping stations (EB-BSSs) have recently been widely deployed in cities. This paper proposes a charging/discharging scheduling method for EB-BSS towards the day-ahead market, aiming to satisfy the battery swapping service and perform arbitrage from both peak-valley difference and demand response. To achieve this, an ambiguity probability set models the battery swapping demand with uncertainty. Then, the day-ahead EB-BSS scheduling problem is formulated as an in-service-battery-retired-battery charging/discharging joint optimization model to maximize the total revenue, which is earnings from providing battery swapping services and demand response participation, deducting electricity bills and battery degradation costs. The corresponding constraints involve power, battery state of charge, battery swapping demand, and the quality of battery swapping service. The experiments and case studies are conducted on real-world data. The results indicate that the proposed method effectively enhances the demand response capability of EB-BSS and achieves profits in all cases while ensuring the quality of battery-swapping services. It is also verified that flexibly reusing retired batteries in EB-BSS can enhance the DR capability based on the proposed method.