Abstract: In order to fully and comprehensively play the role of safety supervision for a supervision company as an independent third-party engineering supervision institution, the basis for nuclear power engineering safety supervision was sorted out, and typical problems in safety supervision of nuclear power engineering construction projects were studied via case analysis and comparison with the current situations. With three considerations of supervision carried out by a supervision institution in the construction and operation of the safety management system of a supervision company itself, the construction company’s safety management system construction and operation, and the onsite construction activities, based on which the optimization direction for the safety supervision business of nuclear power engineering construction projects, which is regarded as the reference for strengthening the safety management of nuclear power engineering construction projects and ensuring the safety performance of nuclear power engineering construction projects.